英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译 [7]
论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-09编辑:黄丽樱点击率:13169
论文字数:6230论文编号:org200904091530462427语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:English names and Chinese namescultural connotationtranslation principletranslation method英汉姓名文化内涵翻译原则翻译方法
generation and inferior generation. The hierarchy rules were strictly obeyed”.[17] P75 In feudal society, when people came across the given names of the emperor, they had to avoid them. If a person’s own given name was the same as the emperor’s in coincidence, he had to change his own given name even family name. For instance, “the emperor in east Han Dynasty was named 刘庄(Liu Zhuang), when 庄忌(Zhuang Ji)in West Han went to East Han, he had to change his name into 严忌(Yan Ji) Not only the emperor’s names were taboos, the names of the order generation were also taboos for the younger generation. Therefore, in China a son never used his father’s given name as his own names”.[18] P44
What is highly valued in the west is individualism and as a result equal relationship among people is highly valued. And therefore what is advocated is not the obligations and responsibilities ascribed to each member of the society according to his or her social position but humanitarianism and human rights. The way of using their father or grandfather’s names as their own names is a practical way of naming. For example, “British politician William Pitt and his son William Pitt, American artist George Inness and his son shared the same name”.[19] P44 That is because before the appearance of family names, the consanguinity of family was mainly manifested through duplication of names and alliteration. And duplication of names is the simplest way. Latter family names appeared, but the tradition of using father or grandfather’s name to name a baby survived. For the purpose of identification, “the elder and the younger” or “senior” or “junior” are respectively put behind the father and son’s names. Such as, James Earl Carter, Sr, and his son James Earl Carter, Jr, usually in Britain people use “the elder and the younger”, in America, people use “senior”, and “junior”.
3.2.5 Other aspects
“Chinese people not only have formal name and courtesy name(字), but also have literary name(hao 号), which is not unique phenomena in Chinese names. Western people also have nickname, but it is not as common as Chinese”.[20] P14Zi and Hao are the products of ancient Chinese culture. “Zi” is used by the person of inferior position to address the person of superior position. This reflects the worship of given names and hierarchy in ancient China. “Hao”, which is kind of laudatory title, usually shows a person’s interests, hope or spiritual sustenance. Although “hao” has come about very early, it prevailed after Tang and Song Dynasties and reached its climax in Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is the result of the prosperity of literature since Tang and Song Dynasties, but it is not used now any more.
In both systems of Chinese names and English names, there are diminutives or hypocoristic names. These names are used differently in Britain or America and China. Chinese diminutives can only be addressed by the family members or very close friends. The younger generation and other people cannot address a person with his diminutives. While English diminutives are associated with the given names and usually are the variants of given names. And a person’s diminutives are used in his whole life and can be addressed by other people besides his family members and friends.
4. Translation of Names
4.1 Basic rules in the translation of names
Names are used to indicate one individual in order to differ him from other persons in the community. Therefore, the methods and principles in translating
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