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tforms, foundations, paving, etc. )follows the Lowerwork Unit. The length of the cross2beams willnaturally govern the lengths of the uppermost cross2beams aswellas the rafters, etc. Thus for a main cross2beam of 8 ft. length,an uppermost cross2beam of 3. 5 ft. length will be needed. Thep roportions are maintained in larger and smaller halls. This isthe Upperwork Unit. Similarly, the dimensions of the founda2tionsmustmatch the dimensions of the columns to be used, asalso those of the side2rafters, etc. For examp le, a column ( 11ft. ) high will need a p latform (4. 5 ft. ) high. So also for all theother components, corbelled brackets, p rojecting rafters, otherrafters , all have their fixed p roportions. All these follow theMiddlework Unit. Now below of ramp s and step s there are threekinds, steep, easy2going, and intermediate. In p laces these gra2dients are based upon a unit derived from the imperial litters.Steep ramp s are ramp s for ascending which the leading and trai2ling bearers have to extend their arms fully down and up respec2tively. Easy2going ramp s are those for which the leaders use el2bow length and the trailers shoulder height; intermediate onesare negotiated by the leaders with downstretched arms and trail2ers at shoulder height. These are the Lowerwork Units. Thebook of Yu Hao had three chap ters. But builders in recent yearshave become much more p recise and skillful than formerly. Thusfor some time past the old Timberwork Manual has fallen out ofuse. But unfortunately there is hardly anybody capable ofwritinga new one. To do thatwould be a masterp iece in itself! (Need2ham, 1986: 82)
    4　《梦溪笔谈》译本翻译策略研究   
   4. 1　Reiss文本类型理论与翻译策略近几十年来西方翻译界对翻译的研究呈现出从句子到语篇,从语言系统到语言具体应用的趋势。其中,以德国功能派为代表的功能翻译理论便是较有影响的理论之一。作为对“等值”观的重大突破和翻译理论的重要补充,功能翻译理论试图把翻译从原语的束缚中解放出来,从译者的角度阐释翻译活动,认为翻译是一种需要考虑语言功能和读者需本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。