英语论文网

mposition of the… + - 35. Extensive areas in Delamere were planted with oak early in the… + - 36. …for their bloodshot eyes were glazed with exhaustion and the blank… + - 37. Less committed critics, however, were faced with t wo unpleasant alter ginal Sakais, - 38. and his walls were adorned with a varied collection of Sak and go by boat. + 39. They were immured with us in that spotless house. + 40. Zambia Congress leaders were charged with forming a murderous fore… be动词为原形be或完成体been的被动句： + - 41.…enter our active forces, some to be armed with Polaris missiles. - 42. No one is likely to be satisfied with the statement until phone spat back him. + - 43. A phonemic system can be stated without reference J34 1170 to moranage a part + - 44. when it cannot be handled without relation to the whole. + - 45. That such expansion can be obtained without a raise in tax. + - 46. She has rarely been photographed with him. + - 47. has often been compared with Green's. + 48….on the case seem to have been afflicted with a similar myopia as far… + - 49. Greatest benefits have been associated with feeding low-moisture. + 50. The whole project had been abandoned. 统计结果：标记为[+ - 受损]即无所谓受损与否的句子有37个，占总数的74%；标记为[+受损]的句子有9个，占总数的18%，标记为[- 受损]的句子有4个，占总数的8%。[+受损，-受损]的句子出现频率相当高，表明英语中被动句在“受损”这一语义特征上是有倾向性的，即无所谓受损或不受损。分析： 1．英语被动句在“受损”语义上表现出的中性是与被动句在英语中的广泛使用密不可分的。英语常用被动句，主要有以下几方面的原因： A. 当主动句的施事（agent）不需要或不可能指明时,英语常采用被动句。例如，施事在某些情况下未知而难以言明。（“The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.凶手已于昨天被捕，据说将会被绞死。”） B. 英语重形和，注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时，出于句法的要求，往往采用被动式。比如，为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心（end focus），常常使用被动句。 I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job. 他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。 C. 从修辞来看，使用被动句可以使表达方式灵活多变，避免句型单调。比如，使用被动式可以减少以填补词“it”、“there”引导的句式，使句子干脆有力。 There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object. 由许多方法可以变换英语“主—动—宾”基本句型。 The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways. 英语“主—动—宾”基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。 2．英语中主动与被动更见于文体上的区别，而不是语义上的不同。英语中被动句的使用是正式（formality）文体的一个重要特点，如科技、新闻、公文及论述文体等。这些文体的共同特征是要求客观、公正、冷静，力戒作者的主观臆断。（但近年来已有很多语言学家对被动语态在英语中的过分使用提出了批评。）而汉语中的被动式具有受损的语义特征，是和“被字句”的历史渊源有深刻关系的。古代汉语的被动结构用“为”字或“为…所”结构来表示，到了近代，汉语才有了“被字句”。“被”字和“把”等介词一样，是由动词演变而来的，而它最初作为动词，意义是“遭受”，例如《后汉书/贾复传》中的“身被十二创”。因此，虽然现代汉语受英文的影响，被字句的使用范围有所扩大，受损的语义成分在不少被字句中仍然存在。参考文献 [1] Cheng Zhenqiu On Problems of translation . Beijing : Foreign [2] Yang Beijing : Foreign languages Press 1980 [3] China Daily Tuesday July 15,2003 S-8 [4] [5] holiday,M.A.K.An Introduction to functional Grammar . London : Arrold . 1895.