摘 要:移就修辞格表面上好像搭配不合情理,但实际上却能启发人们的联想,而且具有丰富的表现力。本文分析了英语中移就修辞格的构成方式、表现手法、语用功能并探讨了有效的翻译方法。
Abstract: The collocation in the figure ofs pee ch " trans fe rred epithe t"seems unreasonable, but actuallyit can arouse rich association andthus it is very expressive. This pa-per deals with the formation, ex-pression and pragmatic functionsof the English transferred epithet.It also probes into the approachesto the translation of the Englishtransferred epithet.
Key words: transferred epithet, pragmatic analysis, translation
1. 引言
汉语中“移就”指的是“遇有甲、乙两个本
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英语论文网www.51lunwen.org整理提供印象连在一起时, 作者就把原属于甲印象的性状移属于乙印象”。 (陈望道,1976:115)英语中将之称为“transferred epithet”, 即:“an adjective used tolimit a noun which it cannot logically modify” (李定坤, 1994 : 212) ;或hypallage,即 :“Also knownas transferred epithet. A figure of speech in whichthe epithet is transferred from the appropriate nounto modify another to which it does not really belong.”(李鑫华, 2003:54)。 正如Nesfield et al. (1964:284)所说:“When two impressions areassociated together in the mind, an epithet thatproperly belongs to one only is transferred to theother.” “移就” 在英语中也是比较常用的一种修辞格, 对它有一个完整的认识无疑有助于对英语语言的阅读欣赏和写作。
2. 移就的构成方式
从语法上来看,英语中的移就有以下构成方式:
1)形容词+名词All that sleepless night I replayed the momentthose black gloves came up to the car window.当晚我彻夜不眠, 眼前不本
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英语论文网www.51lunwen.org整理提供时重现那副黑手套伸向车窗的一瞬间。Lazy clouds drifted across the sky.白云悠悠。
2)现在分词+名词After an unthinking moment, she put the peninto her mouth.想了一会儿,她还是没有什么头绪,便将笔咬在嘴角。The sailors swarmed into a laughing andcheering ring around the two men.水手们蜂拥而至,汇成欢笑与呼喊的一圈,把那两人围在中心。
3)过去分词+名词Instantly from the dark holes all round, therewas a frenzied rush of Jews.霎那间,一大群犹太人从四面八方的黑洞里发疯似地冲了出来。The murderer has been put into thecondemned cell.杀人犯已被投进死牢。
4)名词+名词The United States has now set up a lonelinessindustry .美国现在已经创建了一项为孤独老人服务的社会服务事业。The opening of the ports sounded this deathknell of the ancient regime.港口的开放敲响了这个古老制度的丧钟。
5)名词+短语The Grapes of Wrath, novel by Steinbeck,was published in 1939 and awarded a PulitzerPrize.《愤怒的葡萄》,是斯坦贝克所写的小说,发表于1939年,曾获普利策奖。There used to be a lot of traffic accidents at thebottleneck of the road before it was taken place bythe highway cloverleaf junction.在现在这座立交桥取代原来那个瓶颈般的路口之前,这里的交通事故频繁发生。移就修辞格中修饰语与被修饰的名词之间的关系通常有三种 : 平行关系(paralleled relationship)、因果关系(cause-effect relationship)、 修饰关系(modifying relationship)。 (张文庭、 熊建国, 1996 :84)例如:She sat there with embarrassed delight. (平行关系)她坐在那里,既尴尬,又高兴。Two of the largest and most powerful nationsof the world have since 1950 lived in isolatedignorance of one another and mutual fear andhate. (因果关系)世界上面积最大、 势力最强的国家中的两个自1950年以来由于相互隔离而彼此毫无了解,处于相互恐惧和敌视之中。In this admirable fable the ant spent a laborioussummer. (修饰关系)在这一美妙的寓言中,蚂蚁度过了勤劳的一夏。 3. 移就的表现手法
1)移有灵属无灵移有灵(animate)属无灵(inanimate)也称移物属人,它指的是“将人类的性状移属于非人类的或无知的事物”。 (陈望道,1976:115)这种转移方式是移就修辞格中的最常用的一种。因为,作者或说话人把通常用来形容人类情感的词语转移到抽象概念或客观事物上, 可以达到借物传情的目的。 例如 :People listened with open-mouthedastonishment while the shocking news sank in.本句用open-mouthed 来修饰astonishment,这一独特的搭配吸引了读者的注意力, 在语言的表层形式上强调了astonishment, 表现了英语重物之特征。这一结构表达,看似不合逻辑,实际上把人们由于惊讶而产生的目瞪口呆准确而生动地表现了出来。全句可译为:
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