purpose of translation, the positioning of the relationship
between the SC and TC, and the reader's esthetic expectation. It is confirmed that the
translator's involvement in the whole translating process is inevitable and the
subjectivity of the translator is indisputable existence in literary translation.
Chapter Three has elaborated on the philosophical concept of inter-subjectivity,
claiming that although subjectivity philosophy helps improve the social status of the translator and legitimate his existence in the translated works, it has an unfavorable
tendency of going to another extreme: the transition from the ST oriented to
Translator-oriented. The inter-subjectivity philosophy can reconcile the contradiction
between the subject and object, and between the subjects. When applied in translation
studies, it can reconcile the contradiction of the dichotomy between source text and
target text, and between the translator and the author. Furthermore, the inter-subjectivity
philosophy can help to account for the much-debated phenomenon of the re-translation
of the literary classics. And it makes us aware of the fact that the re-translation of the
literary classics virtually indicates the communication and negotiation not only between
the translator and the author but also between different translators probably from the
same or tremendously different historical period, as a result of which, the influential
translated version with ever-present and irreplaceable value will be produced to meet
the specific needs of the specific time.
Chapter Four scrutinizes the invisibility of the translation from the perspectives of
domesticating and foreignizing strategies. Some people often take it for granted that
foreignizing
strategy can give the translator more freedom in exerting his subjectivity,
but actually this is not the case. It seems that in invisible translation the subjectivity of
the translator can hardly be observed. But in fact, this dissertation points out that, the
subjectivity can be better exerted in the invisible translation. Although the translated
works may be presented to the reader in a smooth language, but this does not mean the
translator is invisible. In the conversion process of translation, he has done tremendous
alterations, or substantial addition and deletion, as a result of which, what the reader has
perceived through the translated product is not the will of the author, but that of the
translator. This statement is confirmed by the case study of Yan Fu's translation of
Evolution and Ethics and Other
Essays, a typical translation in which the invisible
translation is covering the truth that it is greatly manipulated. He adopts the
domesticating strategy and makes use of the elegant ancient Chinese form- Tongcheng
school prose to give the reader the illusion that what they are reading is just the truth
handed down by the ancestors. Under the superficial smoothness and transparency, he
has done tremendous alterations, adaptations, and abridgement to the original, including
the change of the narrative technique, the denial of the author (For example, the author
is against Social Darwinism, but in Yan Fu's translation he favors it.)
Finally, in Chapter Five, the dissertation explores the influence of the patronage,
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