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ndant in refreshness and humor, vivid in association and imaginary. 4. Translation of metaphors 4.1 On the standard of translation In the field of translation, the standard of translation has been a fierce controversy, including Nida’s formal correspondence vs. Functional Equivalence, Newmark’s semantic translation vs. communication translation, literal translation vs. free translation, form vs. content, source-oriented vs. target-oriented, author-centered vs. reader-centered, the purpose of the author vs. the purpose of the translation and so on; [12]P5 Therefore, it is impossible to define a standard for the translation of all metaphors. Metaphor reveals the aesthetics of language; what’s more, it reflects the speaker or writer’s education, experiences, observation, conception towards the world ect., so it is very important to keep the metaphorical meaning and the images by using any skills of translation, that is, metaphors can be translated in flexible ways to convey the information and the effect of the source language. 4.2 Obstacles in the translation of metaphor For the differences between languages, the obstacles in translation sometimes make it very difficult even impossible to convey the effect of the source metaphor. As Chinese is regarded contextual language, which always turns to be obstacles on translation into English. The following cases are among the most common. (46) 她就是这样风里来雨里去。成年累月地工作着. This how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. A ‘Scene’ comes into readers’ mind, that is an image of human being walking in the rain and wind, when reading ‘风里来,雨里去’ six characters; However, there is only the fact of ‘rain and shine’ left in the English expression. (47) 人言鼎沸 Many people talk together and the noise they make is like the bubbling water boiling in a cauldron. In fact, most obstacles can be traced back to the culture clash. Therefore, metaphors are stamped with the culture of society, which have great impacts on every aspect of people’s life. There are five aspects which influence the expression of metaphor greatly in culture. 4.2.1 Living environment and history England is an island nation, and its navigation has been the most advanced in the world history, while Chinese is a continental nation with its people living on the land. Therefore, there is metaphor ‘spending money like water’, sharing the same metaphorical meaning with Chinese metaphor ‘挥金如土’. As a result of the different climates, Chinese has a saying ‘ 万事具备只欠东风’, in contrast with ‘ west warm wind’ in English. Moreover, there are a lot of unique metaphorical expressions that come out as the product of a nation’s developed history. Take ‘zipper gate’ as an example. It became a metaphorical word frequently used by the press (referring to the sexual scandals) since the news of the sexual relationship between President Clinton and Wensgi. In Chinese there are so many typical examples such as ‘守株待兔’. 4.2.2Tradition and custom Tradition and custom have great influences on the way of people’ thinking; therefore, metaphor, as a proportion of language, comes out of people’s mind, which has been laid with the brand of the custom and tradition of their country. Different metaphors about animals are the most obvious evidence. Take ‘bear’ as an example. In English, bear is associated with the person with special talents, such as ‘he is a bear at maths’. In contrast, bear in Chinese refers to the fool man or the ignorant, su