英语论文网

ly and one may never miss one of them．To understand discourse correctly，one must grasp the subjective factors misunderstanding between each other or their purpose of communication．So，I wonder，if these factors can be grasped wholly and one may never miss one of them．To understand discourse correctly，one must grasp the subjective factors of participants in communication(their purpose，identity，psychology，character，career，experience，hobby，sex，surrounding etc.)and objective factors(social environment，natural environment，time，place，occasion，target，verbal context etc．) To grasp context wholly，one must consider all the factors of context．Some examples will be shown how to grasp context wholly. A：In face to face discourse，the addressor's pronunciation，expression，eyesight，and gesture are important information for addressee to understand and know how addressor feels． Ex．1 A：Where have you been? Why do yon come back so late today? B：Out． In this discourse，the answer of B is quite simple，and B doesn't answer the second question．Why does B do so and what's B's purpose? If A can hold the important information of context，it is not ha rd for A to know B's dislike，The real meaning behind “out” is "Where I go is none of your business" or “You needn't care for me so much" and so on。If A is a careless person，and never pays attention to the important subtle features about B，continues asking one after another questions, it may even cause quarrel between them． B．We know a sentence or even a word always has not only one meaning，but some other meanings hidden in the sentence．So，it is necessary to use the common knowledge to infer implied meanings． Ex 2 A mother is talking with Mrs White，she is complaining about the naughtiness of her son，Mrs White is replying as follows： A Boy is a boy． If one does not connect this sentence with context，only from the surface，this sentence has no communication value．But to infer according to the discourse rule，Mrs．White must want to express one meaning，and it must has another implied meaning．She spoke out her Opinion indirectly to make the mother think over what the other meaning is behind．If the mother can connect context with the topic exactly，and use the common knowledge of boy’s character，She can infer what the other meaning is，“boys themselves are much more naughty than girls”or“naughtiness is the boy’s nature，you needn't blame him so seriously.”Although Mrs．White didn't speak out the implied meaning，we can use the common knowledge to understand the implied meaning． C. Verbal context is the key to distinguish the different meanings of the same words．In English，one word has more than one meaning，and some sentences use the same words，but the meanings of the sentences are quite different in different context． Ex，3 ①I never had much in seeing you．There was no love lost between us at anytime，I think．(C. Dickens:Martin Chuzzlewit). ②…we grumble a little now and then, to be sure．But there's no love lost between us.(O．Goldsmith：She stoops to lonquer)． “There's no love lost between us" appears in both of these two sentences．Because of the special meaning of“lost” we can acquire two different meanings of this sentence，”There is no love between us" and“we still love each other"。And connecting these meanings with verbal context，we know the first sentence means “There is no love between us”，the second one means，“Wes still love each other"． D：People learning foreign language have 1ots of opportunitie