英语论文网

social，cultural background of them etc．(non一linguistic context) For example，"Attention!" this sentence only has a word，but when it is put it into different places，it has different meanings．In airport 1ounge，it means "take out!' But in the troop training ground，it means，“stand still.” (3) The cognitive environment factor: Communication participants experience，knowledge etc．that have effects on the communication cognition can be understood as the subjective factors．For ex ample，if the addressor suffers a lot in his life and is not staunch enough, the way he says must be pessimistic．An experienced nurse is skillful enough to handle the various sudden emergencies． 3.The relationship between context and language——context causes communication miscarriage Any specific process of language communication is conducted in a certain context；context has close relationship With language．“On one hand， language depends on context；on the other hand，context restricts language”． (Zhang-Lige，2001)Their relationship is described specifically as follows： 3.1 Language’s dependence on context 3.1.1 Demonstrative pronouns The demonstrative pronouns substitute for person， time, place ，event , object，etc．Like “she，this, those，they”，etc．The common character of these words is：if they leave the specific communication environment，it is impossible to fix their indicated target．For example： (1) She is our headmaster． (2)There is a beautiful small forest over there． (3)Yesterday brother bought a book。 If the above sentences are not put into specific context，the specific meanings of word“she”，“there" and“Yesterday”are not clear. 3.1.2 Polysemous phenomenon Because language is always polysemous，the same word or same sentence can be understood no 1ess than one meaning，the polysemous phenomenon appears．In order to fix its specific meaning，you may get help from context。 For example，“Quiet"． If it appears in hospital， it means，“Anyone can not disturb the patients"．But if it is said by a teacher to her student，it must mean“don't make noise，be quiet”．Look at another sentence，“She is five months gone"．"Gone" has several meanings，it's always used as the past participle of“go”or it means“died”and so on．The subject is“She”，the verb pattern“be+．．．gone" with the common knowledge，we know only woman can be pregnant．So，the meaning of whole sentence can be inferred，as“she is pregnant for five months”． 3.1.3 Implied meaning of the language Language is full of vivid meanings and is flexible to change from surface meaning to other implied meanings．Not only the same meaning can be expressed by different language pattern，but also the different meanings can be conveyed by the same language pattern， especially with context , language always has the implied meaning．So，context helps one understand the implied meaning of the language．For example，when two people contradict each other，the one says：“you are good enough”．Here he does not praise the other, but express his anger with irony．“Sour grapes"，from the surface，it just describes the character of a kind of fruit．But if it is used to describe the psychological state of a person，it means，this person envies others and comforts himself． 3.1.4 Ambiguous phenomenon Language is always ambiguous, we have already mentioned it in the former part．Ambiguous phenomenon appears in communication frequently．On one hand，objects are always ambiguous，naturally the language employed to express them are ambigu