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He combined translation studies with language studies, and used linguistic theories to guide the translation practice. He pointed out that translation is not only a science but also an art as well as a skill, and the aim of his translation studies is to solve the real problems in the process of the translational action. 

Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow (Newmark, 2006). It is obvious that communicative translation focuses on producing an equivalent effect on the target readers. No matter semantic translation and communicative translation, the translator has to respect and work on the form of the source language text as the only basis for the work (Shakernia, 2013). However, communicative translation theory pays more attention to the communicative effect of the target text and does not have to strictly adhere to the original form. With a review of Peter Newmark’s text typology and his translation theory, it is not exaggerated to state that his translation theory can be considered as his biggest achievement and the most influential part of his researches. Thus, Newmark’s translation methods gain much attention from the academic and translation fields, and this is his best-known contribution to translation. 

2.2 Application of Translation Theory

The differences in historical background, customs and cultural concepts between China and Western countries are all factors that affect the quality of popular fiction translation. If only follow the literal meaning of the source text or adopt inappropriate translation methods or strategies, it will affect the translation quality and the feelings or thoughts the source text wants to convey. In the process of translation, translator should try best to avoid the loss of information and ensure that both the target language and the source language readers can get the same information and feelings (Si, 2018). The emphasis of communicative translation theory is the “force” of language, namely the effect of the source text. Recent research found that communicative translation requires the translator use simple and clear expressions to remove difficulties and redundancies for target readers. It can also improve the quality of target language (Hu& Chai, 2020). Communicative translation theory is mainly to make the translation fluent, concise and clear. Global communication depends significantly on translation, one cannot think of news around the world without translation (Adil, 2020). It gives play to the function of language to convey information and produce effects. 

Chapter 3 Translation Process ........................ 8

3.1 Pre-translation Preparations ................................ 8

3.2 While-translation Process ............................ 9

3.3 Post-translation Modification ............................ 10

Chapter 4 Case Analysis .............................. 11

4.1 Lexical Level....................................... 11

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