汉语缩略语及其翻译 [2]
论文作者:汪冬梅论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-07编辑:黄丽樱点击率:4022
论文字数:4684论文编号:org200904071331501990语种:中文 Chinese地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:缩略语类型翻译abbreviationstypestranslation
nd taxes in rural areas.(“三乱”指乱罚款、乱收费、乱征税) (4) 为了支持社会保障制度改革,做好“两个确保”工作,2001年中央财政将继续增加用于社会保险方面的资金。Funding for social security has again been increased in central budget for 2001 to support reform system and ensure adequate funds used to pay living allowances for workers laid off from stated-owned enterprises in full and on time. (“两个确保”工作指:确保国有企业下岗职工基本生活费用和企业退休人员基本养老金按时足额发放。)解释性翻译的缺陷是不经济,当一篇文章需要数次出现这个缩略语时,每次要重复冗长的结构,显得很累赘。
2.2直译
如果缩略语经常见诸于国外的报章杂志,为外国读者熟悉,成为通用语,甚至收入英语辞书中,可以直译。比如,外国读者熟悉的:一国两制(one country ,two systems)、和平共处五项原则(the five principles of peaceful coexistence)、双赢(double-wins)、三废(three wastes)、四化(four modernizations)等。收入英语词书的有:三民主义(three principles of the people)、“三国”(Three Kingdoms)、“三反运动”(three anti-campaign)、“四人帮”(the Gang of Four)等。有时在上下文中有缩略语内容的情况,此时可以不必表达缩略语的具体内容,直译即可。如:我们必须继续提倡社会主义精神文明,开展五讲四美活动。We must continue to advocate a high ethical and cultural standard under socialism and unfold the movement of “Five Stresses and Fore Points of Beauty”.
上例中“五讲四美”属于“社会主义精神文明”的内容。尽管译文没有作详细解释,却具有可理解性。但要注意,直译时要避免词语的歧议性,如“四美”译为Four Beauties,“三热爱”译为Three Loves ,就会使外国读者误解为“四个美女”和“三个情人”。
2.3直译加法
用直译加注法翻译缩略语,既保留了缩略语形式,又解释了缩略语的内容,无疑会给外国读者更加直观的印象,因而这种译法被广泛应用。在《汉英新词语汇编》(1990)中,缩略语的翻译基本上采用直译加注法,《北京周报》(Beijing Review)双语俱乐部时文翻译中,缩略语大都采用直译加注法。如(1)为了在现代化建设中坚持正确的方向,他旗帜鲜明地提出坚持四项基本原则。To ensure a correct direction for the modernization drive, he raised the question of adhering to the Four Cardinal Principles in clear cut terms (adherence to the socialist road, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the communist party leadership and Marxist-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought).
(2)“两个基本点”Two Focal Points, two of the major points of the line set by the 13th congress of CPC, ie ,upholding the four cardinal principles and policies of reform, opening to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy.(3)按照“三个代表”的要求,抓住机遇,加快发展。According to the requirements of the Three Represents (the CPC represents the requirement to develop advanced productive forces, an orientation towards advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people of China),we must seize opportunities and accelerate development .(4)“三河三湖”流域5188家重点污染企业中,95%实现了污物达标排放。Among the 5188 key pollutant-discharging enterprises along the “Three Rivers ”and “Three Lakes ”(Huaihe River, Liaohe River and Haihe River ,Taihu Lake ,Chaohu Lake and Dianchi)采用直译加注法翻译缩略语的优点在于,当文章中反复出现缩略语时,译者在后文中可以直译缩略语。
2.4首字母译法
依照英语缩略语的构成,把我国重要国家机构名称或专有名称取其英文首字母缩略而成。如:人大——NPC(the National People’s Congress),政协—CPPCC(the Chinese People’s Consultative Conference),中共—CPC(Communist Party of China),民航总局—CAAC(Civil Aviation Administration of China)等等。有些常见的词组或短语,如果在报刊中反复出现,也可译成英文首字母缩略语。如:“国企”指国有企业,译为state-owned enterprises ,缩写成SOEs,这在China Daily中经常现。如:Jiang Zemin calls for speedy SOEs reform.从语言可理解性的角度出发,直译者和首字母译法最好少用或不用,以免产生岐义。除上述四种译法外,还有一种音译加注法,即把缩略词语像人名地名一样进行音译,并加注解,如“三反运动”译成san fan campaign。这种译法虽然简单,不好理解,实际上是“译犹未译”,所以现在已很少使用。此外,翻译缩略语还需注意以下几点:一是数字式缩略语在英语中有对应词语时,翻译成对等词语。如“三陪”(指有关人员为赚钱而在酒吧、宾馆、舞厅、卡拉OK厅等场所陪客人喝酒、唱歌、跳舞)译为escort services ,不必译为three company services .因为译文中three services 易生歧义,以为有关人员每次同时提供三种服务。再则,company译“陪”难以体现原文潜在的词语色彩。二是对于已经转义的缩略语,自然只译其喻义,不要把其本义译出。如:“三教九流”,《现代汉英词典》中译为various religious sects and academic schools ;people in various trades ;people of all sorts .“三灾八难”(“三灾”:佛教指水灾、火灾、风灾为大三灾;刀兵、饥馑、疫疠为小三灾,“八难”:指影响见佛求道的各种障碍)译为numerous adversities and calamities。“五谷”原指稻(rice)、黍、稷(millet)、麦(wheat)和豆(beans),但在“五谷丰登”中已转义,泛指粮食作物,“五谷丰登”译为an abundant harvest of all food crops .三
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