英语论文网

官那里去登记。[ 3 ](8) This Act sha ll be known as The Penal Code of California. (表示法律上的正式“宣告”、“宣布”) 译文:这部法律被正式宣布为加利福尼亚州的刑法典。[ 3 ] (9) The Publisher shall pay the Author, . . . an advance, which sha ll be a charge of all sums to the Author under thisAgreement. (表述合同条款,表述一定要做到的事) 译文:出版商应当预付作者稿酬,这笔稿酬是按合同规定的总稿酬中的一部分。[ 3 ] (10) The parties sha ll perform their obligations stipulated in the contract. No party sha ll unilaterally modify or rescind the contract. 译文:当事人应当履行合同约定的义务,任何人不得擅自变更或者解除合同。 (11) In the case of a contractwhich, according to the laws or administrative regulations of the Peop leps Republic of China, is to be formed with the app roval of the state, the assignment of the contractual rights and obligations sha ll be subject to the app roval of the authority which app roved the contract, unless otherwise stipulated in the app roved contract. 译文:中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同,其权利和义务的转让,应当经原批准机关批准,但是,已批准的合同中另有约定的除外。从例(10)中我们看到分别用在第三人称主语之后,由shall构成的谓语用来表示汉语的“应当”。在例(11)中则既使用了is to又使用了shall构成的谓语,与例( 10)相同,它们也均用来表示汉语的“应当”。不过应注意到这时shall和be to结构可以交替使用,没什么区别。[ 8 ] (二)短语的特点法律英语在用词方面的另一特点就是同义词的重复。同义词的重复是指当表达一个单一概念时本可以用一个单词而却用了两个甚至更多。在法律英语中经常出现的同义词重复主要有: buy or purchase, p rovisions and stipulations, full force and effect, own or possess, p roperty or chattels or goods,minor or child or infant, terms and conditions, pardon or forgive, to have and to hold, constable or sheriff, entering or breaking, larceny or theft or stealing, rented or loaned, attorney or lawyer, damaged or destroyed, last will and testament, due and collectible, heirs and devisees, null and void, adop ted byme or born to me, aid and abet, part and parcel, safe and sound, cease and desist。[ 9 ] 在各种法律条文中,经常出现类似以上的成对词,表示固定的意义,因而在使用和翻译时不能随意拆开: rights and interests (权益) , terms and conditions(条款) , comp lete and final understanding(全部和最终的理解) , customs fees and duties (关税) , losses and damages (损坏) , null and void (无效) , sign and issue (签发) 。有些短语是由两个同义词构成的,表达的是一个共同的含义。比如法律英语中常用的unless otherwise,由两个同义词构成,意为“除非另”。[ 10 ]320p rovided that为法律英语中常用的短语,意为“但规定”,“但”。该短语常出现在某一法律条款对某事作出规定后,为使条款的规定更加准确、全面,而作出进一步规定的场合。例如: (12) In excep tional circumstances, theMinisterial Conference may decide to waive an obligation imposed on a Member by this Agreement or any of the Multilateral Trade Agreements, prov ided tha tany such decision shall be taken by three fourths of the Members un less otherwise p rovided for in this paragraph. 译文:在特殊情况下,部长级会议可作出决定,豁免成员根据本协议或任何多边贸易协定所规定承担的义务,但(规定)任何这种豁免决定应由全体成员的四分之三作出,除非本款另有规定。 (三)法律英语中的长句 1. 法律英语句子的特点。法律英语的句子结构一大特点是句子较长,不同于科技英语和商务英语,法律英语的句子的更长,从句结构更为复杂,句子结构更为严谨。这种长句除主谓结构外,还有许多修饰成分,如从句、短语等,其主从关系有各种连接词贯通以表示逻辑关系,往往是从句套从句,一个从句里面还包含了若干个从句,中间还不乏插入语。如: (13 ) A negotiating party can exp ressly stop a statement from becoming an offer, for examp le by stating that it can not be accep ted by the other party or is not intended to be legally binding or by stating that a contract will only come into existence when the maker of that statement signifies assent。译文:在协商过程中,任何一方当事人均可明确表示某项声明并非要约。例如,一方当事人可以明确指出对方不得就该声明作出承诺,或明确指出其无意使该声明具有法律约束力,或明确指出只有在其表示同意时合约才告成立。 2. 法律英语长句的翻译方法与策略。要特别牢记在理解法律条文时,应清楚其主要由假设与法律适用两部分组成。牢记法律条文的这一特点对正确理解原句有很大益处。在理解上述长句时,可以通过调整句子中心、结构、长度以及必要的词汇增减来实现。翻译好这样的长句,主要采取“切割法”,即在原文句子中的主从句连接处、连词处、关系代词处切断。翻译时,首先要注重理解源语,要耐心读懂长句,分析长句中各意群的关系,然后按意群及其逻辑关系译成汉语分句,这样译语结构层次分明,意思连贯,语言通顺,逻辑性强。二、实　例为了分析法律文件的句子结构,首先应找出主句的主语谓语,去掉与之相关的各种限制短语或从句,再找出并列句或主从句之间的连接词,把并列部分或从属部分进行适当切割,然后对每一切割部分进行分解就可理顺各部分之间的关系。只有在这样的基础上进行汉译,才能保证译文的质量。下面的法律文本整段由一句