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wed that teacher’sstance and the alignment or disalignment of students as well as the teacher’sself-positioning all play a crucial role in supporting students’participation in practicesassociated with reading and talking about picture book texts.In the study of Alhuthaliin 2018,which asked students to write a short essay setting out their understanding offriendship using a second language.This study tended to specifically test if positiveand negative framings of the concept of friendship use different linguisticformulations,and it was found that expressing a negative emotion requires morenuance than a positive one does.Moreover,we can combine the psychological aspectsof Appraisal theory and linguistic aspects as a valuable means to explore the processof meaning-taking.Sipitanos(2021)evaluated students’final text production inpolyphonic critical literacy practices,then the Appraisal theory and Qualitative DataSources were combined to provide fruitful feedback to teachers and students.Finally,the researchers found that writing becomes a social activity.Suggestions forclassroom teaching were also presented,firstly,the complexity of the issues inpolyphonic critical literacies based on the themes the community investigates shouldbe concentrated,then it is very difficult for students in this strict system,where examsare of primary importance,to escape from the dominant discourse.

2.2 Studies about Discourse Analysis on COVID-19

2.2.1 Studies abroad

Studies abroad with discourse analysis on COVID-19 were various in severaldimensions,such as the group being concerned,the types of analyzed discourse,etc.Some of them will be presented below.

Ranging from people with obesity to notable women in this pandemic,foreignstudies paid much attention to specific groups.Brookes(2021)utilized a novelapproach to analyze keywords.Based on comparing analysis corpora against tworeference corpora,the characteristic was compared to general coverage of bothCOVID-19 and obesity in his case.He argued that the context of COVID-19 hasproduced more stigmatizing discourse than before with the view that these peopleshould be responsible for the problems about the country’s health system,meanwhile,such a context brought positive changes that race-related health disparities hadreceived more focus than before and the right-leaning press was more likely tocritique the Conservative Government than it usually was.Ramirez(2021)examinedhow the discourse about COVID-19 has been constructed within Costa Rica throughoppositional and mutually exclusive notions.The author then concluded that theattitude of society towards expressions of vulnerability remained unchanged,and theattitude towards those old,broken,disposable was still violent and harmful.Then,Triana et al.(2021)mapped the representation of female figures in the mass media.They took Siti Fadilah Supari,a former minister of health,as an example.By usingSara Mills’critical discourse on media coverage,this study showed that thesubject-object position reveals that Siti Fadilah Supari is always in the object positionand displayed by other parties.Moreover,It was concluded that women’srepresentation in the media was not yet sovereign and independent.

Chapter Three Theoretical Framework ............................... 17

3.1 The Development of the Appraisal Theory .................... 17

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