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很显然,此处的“what did who break?”中的what位于主语who之前,违反优先条件,同时二者都不是典型的与话语连接的wh-短语,但言语语境使what和who强制带上话语连接特征,使其选择范围局限于说话者心目中知道的“谁”和打碎的“东西”。

4. 分类答案假设

人们在用话语进行交流时,使用的多元wh-问句中的有些wh-短语具有优先辖域,即“分类答案假设”(Sorting key hypothesis):在一个多元wh-问句中,最左边的wh-短语代表了在回答中挑选相关信息的答案。例如:

(13)a. What did you buy where?

b. I bought perfume in London and Paris, ties in Rome and Berlin, and watches in Paris and Zurich,……

(14)a. Where did you buy what?

b.In London ,I bought perfume ,in Rome ,I bought ties, in Paris ,I bought wine and perfume,……

(13a)和(14a)的差别在于提问人希望回话人以不同的方式组织信息。(13a)将何处所购的物品作为期待的答案,而(14a)将购物的地点作为期待的答案。所以(13b)与(13a)对应,(14b)与(14a)对应,这种顺序的回答自然、规范(unmarked)。虽然(14b)可以回答(13a)或者(13b)回答(14a),但这属于不自然、不规范(marked)的答语。另外,(13a)和(14a )表明,只要出现在最左边的wh-短语能作为答语信息分类答案,wh-短语可以颠倒交换,由此形成的wh-问句都能成立。再例如:

(15)a. What did you buy when ?

b. I bought perfume on Monday and Thursday, watches on Monday and Tuesday, a camera on Wednesday,

……

(16)a. When did you buy what?

b.On Monday, I bought perfume and a watch,on Tuesday ,I bought a ring and a book , on Wednesday, I bought a camera,……

在这里,what和when交换位置,先后作为提问人要求答话人优先分类作答的内容,两种形式的问句都可以接受。

如(14a)和(16a)所示,疑问副词where/when可以出现在多元wh-问句的最左边,从而作为提问人期待的分类答案,但在语境中,同为疑问副词的why/how则不能这样使用,例如:

(17)a.?? Why did you buy what?

b.?? How did you do what?

按照“原则与参数理论”的句法原则,(17a)和(17b)均合乎语法:在逻辑式层次,why和how移位后留下的语迹受到先行语照应,what的语迹得到及物动词的词汇照应,遵循空语类原则。但它们却违背了分类答案假设这条语用原则:言语交际中,人们通常不按照购物的理由来谈论所购之物或做事的方式来论及所做之事。所以下面这样的答语如同(17)的提问一样显得同样怪异和不可接受:

(18) a. ?? Because of hunger, I bought bread, because of necessity, I bought furniture and clothes, because of vanity, I bought jewelry.

b. ?? In a careful manner, I drove the car, in a gracious manner, I talked to Mary and drank a cup of coffee, in a hurried manner, I went home.

5. 清单条件假设

言语交际时,多元wh-问句中的wh-短语有时候暗示语境中存在着一系列的理由、方式或人物、事件等,提问人知道有一个“清单”式的东西,但不知道其具体内涵,于是发话询问,这就是清单条件假设(Listing requirement hypothesis)。上文(17)所示,疑问副词why/how几乎不可以置于多元wh-问句的句首,但如将why/how换成for what reasons和in what manner时,句子则完全可以接受:

(19)a. For what r本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。