法语对英语的影响 [2]
论文作者:姚清论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-06编辑:黄丽樱点击率:15257
论文字数:6980论文编号:org200904061306287676语种:中文 Chinese地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:FrenchEnglishvocabularyinfluenceNorman Conquestnaturalization法语英语词汇影响诺曼征服归化
ttite, and Tocharian. [1]
The Italic branch has its center in Italy, and to most people Italy in ancient times suggests Rome and the language of Rome, Latin. The various languages that represent the survival of Latin in the different parts of the Rome Empire are known as the Romance or Romanic languages. The most extensive of the Romance languages are French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. The common form that the languages of the Germanic branch had before they became differentiated is known as Germanic or Proto-Germanic. The languages descended from it fall into three groups: East Germanic, North Germanic, and West Germanic. West Germanic is the group to which English belongs. [2] In short, both French and English belong to the Indo-European Family.
3. Many English words coming from other languages, especially from French
As we know, the English language is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin, Greek, notably French.
4. The influence of the French language upon the English language
4.1 The social background of the influence
4.1.1 The origin of Normandy
On the northern coast of France is a district known as Normandy. It derives its name from the bands of Northmen who settled there in the ninth and tenth centuries. The Normans had soon absorbed the most important elements of French civilization. They gave up their own language and learned French. For some years before the Norman Conquest the relations between England and Normandy had been fairly close. In 1002 Ærhelred the Unready had married a Norman wife and their son Edward, who had thus been brought up in France, was almost more French than English. In 1042, Edward was restored to the throne and he brought with him a number of his Norman friends and gave them important places in the government. A strong French atmosphere pervaded the English court during the twenty-four years of his reign.
4.1.2 The Norman invasion
At his succession the most influential noble was Godwin, earl of the West Saxon earldom. His eldest son, Harold, was elected king when Edward died in 1066. But his election did not long go unchallenged. William, the duke of Normandy at this time, was a second cousin to the late king. Although this relationship did not give him any right of inheritance to the English throne, he had nevertheless been living in expectation of becoming Edward’s successor. He hoped to obtain the crown by force. On September 1066, William landed at Pevensey, on the south coast of England, with a formidable force. Harold was killed during the battle and the English were soon in full retreat. On Christmas Day 1066, William was crowned king of England.
4.1.3 The Norman Settlement
William’s possession of the throne had been a matter of conquest and was attended by all the consequences of the conquest of one people by another. One of the most important of these consequences was the introduction of a new nobility. For several generations after the Conquest the important positions and the great estates were almost always held by Normans or men of foreign blood. Similarly, Norman prelates were gradually introduced into all important positions in the church. It is less easy to speak with certainty of the Normans in the lower walks of life who came into England with William’s army. Many of them doubtless remaine
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