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etc. [15] 4.3.2 The characteristics of influence (1) The vocabulary English borrowed from French in this period was not naturalized. The spelling and pronunciation remained unchanged. They are called aliens, e.g. automobile [΄ɔ:təməubi:l], bourgeois [΄buәӡwa], bourgeoisie [buәӡwa:΄ӡi:], coup de main [ku:do΄mεn], cafè [kə΄fe], coup d΄ètat [ku:dei΄ta:], elite [ei΄li:t], reservoir [΄rezəvwa:], repertoire [΄rεpətwa:], trou-de-loup [tru:də΄lu:], bêche-de-mer [beiʃdə΄mεə], etc. (2) One of the important features in the Renaissance was the recognition in the fields where Latin had been supreme. A strong tradition sanctioned the use of Latin in all the fields of knowledge. This tradition was strengthened by the “revival of learning”, in which the records of Greek civilization became once more available in the original. Latin and Greek were not only the key to the world’s knowledge but also the languages in which much highly esteemed poetry, oratory, and philosophy were to be read. Therefore, Latin and Greek words poured into English directly or through French, e.g. L. bombax → F. bombace → E.M.E. bombast; L. detailer → F.detail →E.M.E. detail; l. voluntārius → F. voluntaire → E.M.E. volunteer, etc. (3) The influence of the Renaissance on English vocabulary was great and far-reaching in the Early Modern English period. Thousands of foreign words infused English. English borrowed words from more than fifty languages, such as Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Jewish, Persian, Chinese and Japanese, etc. The adopted words not only reflected the new cultural movement of the Renaissance, the religion reform, the geographical discovery, the voyage, the exploration and the activities of immigrants and colonization, resulting in the increase, in a large number, of English vocabulary. (4) Modern science and technology bring about the addition of new words without numbers. They are the most important source of new words in English. Modern science and technology contain many new branches apart from the existing fields. The appearance of new branches in modern science and technology gives rise to a great number of new words have been created and invented by the people all over the world, including the French people. The English vocabulary changes with the development of society. The rate of vocabulary changes varies from age to age. In the Middle English period vast numbers of French words were introduced into the English language. In the sixteenth century large numbers of new words were borrowed from Latin and Greek directly or through French. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there was a great expansion in the vocabulary of science and technology. Most of the neologisms are coined by the people all over the world, including the French people. 5. Conclusion From the aspects mentioned above, it’s clear that the influence of the French language upon the English language involves every linguistic level, including phonetics, grammar and lexicon. Lexicon influence is especially prominent, which concerns almost all walks of life in the society. In short, the influence of the French language upon the English language is great, deep and permanent. Bibliography [1] Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language[M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001,9 P2