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Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework

2.1 Features and Translation of Memoir

As a kind of non-fiction text, the biographical memoir is characterized by a person’s true experience, so its chief attribute is authenticity. Because memoir has the function of literary text, it also has the characteristic of expressive text. When reading memoirs, readers not only want to know historical facts such as historical background and characters’ stories, but also put forward higher requirements for the readability of the text. When a variety of rhetoric is interspersed in the narrative of the story, the description of scenery, environment and scene, it can arouse the interest of readers and make them feel the interest and charm of language. 

On the basis of studying the relationship between autobiographical memoir texts and translated works, Zhong (2016) pointed out that in general, only autobiographies that conform to the translator’s personality, interests and aesthetic feelings can be translated well, otherwise, these versions will be soulless. Sun (2009) believed that translators will use their own literary accomplishment, aesthetic taste and the specific environment in which they live to creatively process the original text. Therefore, the translator should give full consideration to the translator’s subjectivity in the translation of memoirs, and ensure the artistry and creative artistry of the translation. 

2.2 Newmark’s Text Typology

The text type is also important in text analysis. From the 1970s to the 1980s, German psychologist and linguist Karl Buhler and Russian linguist and semiotician Roman Jakobson came up with the functions of the language, which marks a move away from linguistic typologies towards a consideration of culture (Munday, 2001). Translation inevitably involves the processing of texts for it is a purposeful interlingual communicative activity (Zhang, 2013). With the foundation of research by translators such as Karl Buhler and Roman Jakobson, it is proposed by Newmark that language has three main functions: Expressive Function, Informative Function and Vocative Function (Newmark, 2001). On the basis of the three text types: informative text, expressive text, and operational text brought forward by Reiss Katharina, a representative of the functional school (Reiss, 2004), in the book Approaches to Translation, based on the content and language style of texts, Newmark classified different texts into three types: Expressive Text, Informative Text and Vocative Text. 

The expressive text is centered on the author, with the emphasis on showing the author’s thoughts and value orientation, which is very personal. Liu (2019) proposed that “the text structure focuses on the semantic and syntactic level, literary skills take a back seat, and the communication of content is the primary task”. vocative texts hope to resonate with readers and give full play to the calling function of language. Ji (2016) also pointed out that be faithful to the original text is the first step in translation. However, “faithfulness” includes the correspondence in formal and the equivalence in terms of meaning. 

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