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age but also incognition and behavior.Our typical cognitive framework,which guides both our thoughtsand actions,is essentially metaphorical.Our mental processes regulate our daily operations,even the most simple aspects.Our concepts shape our perception,navigation in the world,and interactions with others.Our conceptual system is crucial in shaping our dailyperceptions of reality.Therefore,metaphor is regarded more a way of cognition rather thana rhetorical device and the conceptual metaphor theory was put forward to further clarifythe mechanism of metaphors(Lakoff&Johnson,1980).

The conventional explanation of conceptual metaphors is as follows:A conceptualmetaphor is understanding one domain of experience(that is typically abstract)in terms ofanother(that is typically concrete).This definition covers mental metaphors as both aprocess and a result.The cognitive process of comprehending a domain involves the process of metaphor,whereas the resulting conceptual structure is the outcome.The notionthat we consider one domain in relation to another can in fact have a variety of meanings.A specific conceptual metaphor may,in a manner comparable to that which was statedpreviously,influence how individuals perceive a domain,such as life.

2.2 Metaphor Processing

Linguists have put forward different processing models of figurative languages andmetaphors,as one category of figurative language expressions could also be processedthrough the models.Grice(1989)put forward“standard pragmatic view”,which furtherclarified that metaphoric meanings are comprehended with the help of speakers’mutualexpectation of some general communication principles.Traditional view believes thatpeople need to speed more time and efforts referring the implied meaning than directlycomprehending the literal meaning so listeners or readers need to firstly deny the literalmeaning and then comprehend its metaphoric meaning.Based on the three-stage model,the process of comprehending a metaphor involves three distinct stages.Initially,the listener comprehends the metaphor in a literal sense.Subsequently,the literal meaning isassessed within the given context.Finally,if deemed necessary,the listener engages in aprocess of reevaluation of the metaphorical statement(Gibbs,1980;Keysar et al.,2000).However,such belief has its limitations.Many psychological studies have proven thatwhen people interpret figurative meanings,they actually would not take more time tocomprehend compared with interpreting literal meanings and they would not firstly denythe literal meaning of the expression.

Another different processing model of figurative language is“direct access view”,which holds the belief that people could directly comprehend the implied meaning ofmetaphoric expressions(Gibbs,1994).That is to say,it is not necessary to understandliteral meaning of figurative expressions.However,such view has its own limitationsbecause it does not explain specifically how people finally extract the metaphoricmeanings of the words,utterances or discourses,though we know that it really would takemore cognition efforts to process figurative languages.Besides,the figurative expressionsunder such view were all common in daily communication like conventional metaphors sothe conclusion cannot be applied into novel utterances(Gibbs&Colston,2012).

Chapter Three methodology .......................... 23

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