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generally accepted translations, the translator read books and papers related to public administration and tried to come up with appropriate translations by means of literal translation. There are a lot of prepositions, nouns and adjectives in the source text, reflecting the static characteristics of the English language.

Chapter 2 Description of the Translation Process

2.1 Pre-translation Preparation

In order to improve the quality of the translation, pre-translation preparation is indispensable. After reading A Textbook of Translation written by Peter Newmark, the translator determines that the source text conforms to the characteristics of informative texts whose core function is to convey information and whose authenticity must be ensured in translation. The source text, belonging to the field of public administration, discusses the relevant concepts of wicked problems and provides possible solutions to public administration. It also involves many terms and a lot of background knowledge in public administration. Therefore, in order to accurately convey the information of the original text, the translator needs to have a basic understanding of the professional knowledge in the field of public administration. To acquire background knowledge necessary for translation, the translator read relevant parallel texts and scanned relevant papers and documents in the field of public administration. After reading these relevant works, the translator has a better understanding of the concept and background of “wicked problems”, which have greatly helped the subsequent translation work. For example, in the source text, the author puts forward ten features of “wicked problems”, including no definitive formulation, no stopping rule and so on. As the translator has read relevant papers, it is easier to understand the meaning of the source text. 

2.2 While-translation

In translating the source text, the translator first skimmed the source text to have a general understanding of its content and stylistic features, and then made a second reading to mark the key professional terms in the field of public administration, whose meanings were clarified by consulting the Baidu Encyclopedia and related parallel texts. For example, the term “wicked problems”, which appears frequently in the source text, is a professional term in the field of public administration, but there is not yet a well-accepted translation. After reading, the translator found that “抗解问题” is used in some authoritative papers or books. Therefore, “抗解问题” is taken as the Chinese translation of “wicked problems”. 

Secondly, since the author puts forward some new concepts, the translator resorted to reference books and online resources like The English-Chinese Dictionary (second edition) edited by Lu Gusun (陆谷孙), Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary and electronic dictionaries such as Youdao Dictionary and Bing Dictionary. By negotiating dictionary meanings with the context, the translator figured out the meanings of the new concepts. For example, the word “framing” whose basic meaning is the formulation of the plans and important details is endowed with new meaning by by the author in the source text. It refers to how an issue or problem is defined and presented to wider audiences, as part of the process of setting policy agendas and priorities (Head, 202本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。