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ot doing so for the sake of curiosity. It does so simply because large things must live in a large place; and in a large place, large things must be produced.”〔3〕
例2:鹏徙于南冥也,水击三千里,搏扶摇而上九万里,去以六月息者也。(《逍遥游》)
冯译郭注:”Since the wings are large, they are difficult to move.…The P’eng has its own way of doing things, because of necessity, not because it likes to. The large bird flies with a duration of half a year and stops at the Celestial Lake. The small bird flies with a duration of half a morning and stops at the trees. If we compare their ability, there is a difference. But what each does is proper to its own nature; in this they are the same.”〔3〕
第一段郭注义理是说鹏之身大,必运于冥海,鹏之翼大,必举于九万里,并非鹏好奇,而是大物必生于大处,大处亦生大物。这是自然之理。庄周寓言中的志在千里之鹏被郭象置换成自然界的鹏鸟,它高飞只不过是其动物的本性使然。纵观《庄子》全本,庄子的所有寓言,旨在“寄象出意”,所有的动植物形象都喻指人事,也就是说要理解《庄子》,我们就要把动植物之品质性情置换成对应的人所代表的精神境界。中国古典文学作品中经常采用这种写作手法,所谓“借景抒情”,“托物言志”。
第二段郭注重申了鹏高飞九万里,是因为翼大难举,不可能象学鸠等“决然而飞,数仞之下。“鹏此举实属不得已而为之,并非乐于如此。虽然大鹏与小家雀飞翔的能力不同,但因为它们的作为符合各自的自然本性,因此并无优劣之分。直接用庄周在《齐物论》中的方法,齐了大鹏与小鸟。殊不知庄周并不认为在精神境界上,万物是等齐的。这点我们接下来便有论述。开篇寓言的阐释显露出庄周与郭象义理对立的端倪。
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