英汉语语句联接关系的对比及在翻译中的转换 [2]
论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-07编辑:刘宝玲点击率:4720
论文字数:5000论文编号:org200904071415561138语种:中文 Chinese地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:联结关系转换功能对等交际活动词汇手段句法手段语义手段
more cheerfu1.
(3)这么着吧,我先和太太提一声,改天你把她带来;太太点了头,咱们就算成功。译文:Look,I’11 talk tO the mistress and you
bring he r over another day. If the mistress agrees,
then it’S a dea1.
而英语句子之所以较长且层层搭架,正是由于具备丰富的联接形式,使其在理论上可以无限扩展而不影响层次的清晰。“与此相反,汉语句子一般简短明快,很少长句。即使是较长的句子也不像英语那样,盘根错节十分复杂。恰似一根春竹,一节之后又生一节,中间掐短无伤大雅。~[6]162因此,英译汉时,不妨将复杂的英语长句层层断开,加以剖析,再译成简短明快的汉语句子:
(4)He had returned the previous evening from a
tour of the countryside,and wanted to go through the
papers that had accumulated in his absence before visit—
ing hours started.
译文:他到乡下去转了一圈,在他下乡期间公文积压了一大堆;昨天傍晚他刚回来,现在他要赶在会客时间之前,把这些公文翻阅一下。
(5)Mr.Kennedy apparently was hit by the first
of what witness believed were three shots.
译文:据目击者说,凶手共开了三枪,肯尼迪显然是被第一枪击中的。(6)He didn’t blame me for not having heard a
word of a story which had lasted while we walked
three miles.
译文:我们走了三英里路,一路上他一直在讲故事,我一个字也没听进去,他却并没有因此而责怪我。
2.英语形合句与汉语无关联词复句之间的转换汉语无关联词复句是汉语意合句的一种,其特点是小句问虽无关联词,但整个句子形成复合关系,如因果、条件、让步等。在翻译这类句子时,应先分析其内在关系,把准脉搏,然后才能用适合的方式进行表达。具体说来,就是在汉译英时补上不可缺少的关联词或起连接作用的表现形式,而在英译汉时应将重心放在语义连贯上,无须字字紧扣:
(1)生产多了,价格就稳定,甚至下降一点。
译文:When production grows,the prices will be
stable,or may even drop a little.
(2)这份杂志内容有趣,文字浅显,立即畅销全国。
译文:The magazine has gained immediate nation—
wide popularity as it is at once interesting and easy.
(3)然而等到调好端来的时候,仍然使我吃一惊,是一大碗,足够我吃一天。
译文:However,when she had prepared the con—
coction and brought it in,it gave me quite a turn,be—
cause it was a large bowl,as much as I could eat in a
whOle day.
而在英译汉时,由于汉语重意合的特征,可以根据时间顺序和逻辑关系进行重新组句,因此表达的自由度要大得多:
(4)It was a bit of a shock when I received the tel—
egram sending me for my first teaching appointment to
a school in a suburb that I had never heard of.
译文:我收到一封电报,一看吓了一跳,派给我的第一份工作是到一个我从没听说过的郊区学校去教书。
(5)Because everyone uses language to talk,eve—
ryone thinks he can talk about language. (Johann
W olfgang von Goethe)
译文:人人都用语言交谈,人人也就自认为能够谈论语言。
(6)If a country has an abundance of natural re—
sources,it is common for it to export some of them.
译文:一个国家的自然资源十分丰富,出口一些资源是不足为奇的。
3.英语形合句与汉语动词句之间的转换汉语造句以动词为中心,偏重运用活动词,甚至尽量省略关系词以达到活动词集中和突出的效果,然后按照各动作实际上或逻辑上的时间顺序来安排各活动词在句子结构中的先后位置;英语造句则以关系词为中心,其语义结构以关系词集中而突出。在英汉互译时,就是对这两种不同的语义结构进行调整:
(1)老关忙即跳下车去,摸摸腰间的勃郎宁,又向四下里瞥了一眼,就过去开了车门,站在门旁边。(茅盾《子夜》)
译文:Old Guan quickly scrambled out of the car,
placing his hand on the Browning at his side and glanc—
ing all round. Then he went round and opened the oth—
er door and stood holding it.
(2)(他们)超车夺路,经常酿成交通事故,给自
己和别人都带来巨大痛苦。
译文:They forcibly take other vehicles,which often
results in traffic accidents, bring ing about great
suffering to others as well as themselves.
(3)W ith unemployment high,the dollar low and
the stock market in distress,the economy will be the
President’S sternest tria1.
译文:失业增多,美元贬值,股票市场不景气,经
济问题将成为总统面临的最严峻的考验。
(4)In the British system,a parliament election al—
SO determines who shall be Prime M inister.but the A—
merican Constitution provides for separate election of
President and Co ngress.
译文:按照英国制度,议会选举可决定首相人选,但美国宪法规定总统选举和议会选举分开进行。
4.英语形合句与汉语主题句之间的转换英语是注重主语的语言 英语的句子千差万别,但是可以归纳为七种基本句型:(1)SV;(2)
SVO;(3)SVC;(4)SVA;(5)SVOl Oz;(6)SVOC;
(7)SVOA[ ]5。。从这七种句型可以看出,英语造句
离不开主谓结构,主谓一致是英语句子最基本的原
则。汉语句子则不然。虽然也有主谓结构的句型,但还有很多句型无法用英语的主谓宾结构来分析,因为“汉语的主语,不限于名词性,不限于施事与受事,不限于与句中动词具有形式的、逻辑的关系,不限于一个,也并不是不可或缺的成分,,[83161。近年来语法界通过对汉语句型的分析已逐渐取得共识:汉语重主体思维,缺乏语法形态标志,因此基本属于话题型语言。申小龙将其称为主题句,即包含“主题语+评论语”两部分[ 。有人对《百合花》、《反对党八股》、《挥手之间》、《“友邦”惊诧论》、《白杨礼赞》、《苏州园林》等六篇文章进行过统计,发现主谓句只占25 ,大部分为主题句。由于英语句子的主谓结
构和汉语常用的主题句大相径庭,因此,在汉译英时需将汉语的主题句纳入英语句子的主谓结构中去,在英译汉时
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