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order in the two experiments, the study aims to find the mapping orientation of spatial metaphor in L2 emotion-label word and L2 emotion-laden word processing. 

Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 Definition of Key Concepts

This section introduces the important concepts related to this study, including emotion-label words, emotion-laden words, vertical spatial metaphor, valence and arousal.

2.1.1 Emotion-label and Emotion-laden Words

There are many different ways to define emotional words. According to the componential approaches, emotions are rated based on three main dimensions: valence/pleasure (pleasure-displeasure), arousal (activated-calm), dominance (dominance-submissiveness) (Osgood, 1969; Church et al., 1998). Lüdtke and Jacobs (2015) defined emotional words as those that express emotions (e.g., “happy”, “sad”) or possess implicit emotional meanings (e.g., “grave”, “wedding”). This approach enables the quantification of emotional words in different dimensions, making quantitative research more feasible. 

According to their lexical function, emotional words can also be classified as emotion-label and emotion-laden words. Pavlenko (2008) hypothesized that in terms of concreteness, imageability, and context availability (at least in English), emotional words differ from abstract and concrete words and may be incorporated in a broader semantic network. Therefore, she divided emotional words into emotion-label and emotion-laden words. Liu (2021) summarized her thoughts as follows (Figure 2.1). Emotion-label words can directly refer to a specific emotional state (e.g., “anger”, “fear”) or emotional process (e.g., “worry”, “praise”). “), and such words serve to describe (e.g., “He is sad.”) or to express emotions (e.g., “I feel sad.”). Emotion-laden words cannot refer to emotions directly, but can express or induce emotions indirectly through communication (e.g., “survival”, “crisis”). 

2.2 Theories and Models Concerning Emotional Word Processing and Spatial Metaphor

In psycholinguistics, spatial metaphor and emotional word processing are significant research areas. With the development of this discipline, researchers have used different paradigms to study the mechanisms of emotional word processing and the effects of spatial metaphors. They have constructed their own theories and models, which are necessary and helpful for further research. In this section, the theories concerning emotional word processing and spatial metaphor are introduced, particularly in embodied cognition perspective. 

2.2.1 Theories of Affective Neurolinguistics

Kissler (2015) was the first to introduce ANL. He noted that both the emotional content of the linguistic object and the affective state of the subject could modulate lexical, semantic, and morpho-syntactic language processing. Then, Affective Neurolinguistics put forth by Hinojosa et al. (2019) has significantly advanced the research process on emotional word. In their article, they pointed out that standard neurocognitive models of language processing ignored emotional processes, whereas affective neuroscience theories were concerned more about the communication of emotions and rarely discussed language issues. Based on this theoretical framework, many approaches were applied and many assumptions were raised.

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