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tive function of the source text and the translated text do not align. In such cases, translators should prioritize the function of the translated text rather than solely striving for reciprocity. 

In the second stage, Hans Vermeer developed the core content of the skopos theory, focusing on the function of the target text. Vermeer argued that relying solely on linguistic translation theory was insufficient for effective analysis and study of translation. Vermeer hold that translation is a purposeful and consequential process that relies on the source text. Vermeer believes that translation should adhere to three rules, the most important of which is the skopos rule. In his view, translation serves various purposes and depends on different purposes, the translation methods used by translators should be adjusted accordingly. In other words, the purpose determines the methods.  

2.2 Application of Skopos Theory

The skopos theory has gained significant attention since its proposal. Among them, Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained is the most representative work which was written by Nord, and it is the most detailed introduction to the functionalist theory of translation.

Domestically, countless articles have been written on the skopos theory since it was introduced to China in 1987. After years of continuous development, skopos theory has provided theoretical guidance to Chinese scholars. Related researches cover a wide range of areas, such as international publicity translation, translation teaching and translation strategies. 

Katharina and Vermeer (2014) believe that equivalent translation is impossible when members of the target culture lack the same background knowledge as members of the source culture. As a result, it is difficult for the translated text to fulfill the communicative function of the original text. Vermeer abandons the principle of equivalence in traditional translation requirements and replaces it with the concept of “appropriateness”, which means making the translation suitable for the specific instructions given. Zhang and Wu (2018) propose that skopos theory considers translation as a purposeful communicative activity. According to this theory, translators should adapt the information from the source text to suit the needs of the target audience, with the aim of achieving the intended function and communicative purpose of the translation in the translated context. The best approach to international publicity translation is not to mechanically translate Chinese into foreign languages word by word, but appropriately translate the source text of Chinese based on the thinking habits of the target audience. This may involve omitting certain content at times.  

Chapter 3 Translation Process ................................ 8

3.1 Pre-translation Preparations .................................. 8

3.2 While-translating Phase ..................... 9

3.3 Proofreading .................................. 10

Chapter 4 Case Analysis ................................ 12

4.1 Under the Guidance of the Skopos Rule ......................... 12

4.1.1 Diction ................................ 12

4.1.2 Conversion ....................... 16 <本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。