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的态度;在一些名词化嵌入结构中,表达命题投射和提议投射的非定谓小句对被投射句动词体义的选择有影响;在同一种语篇类型中不同的上下文所选用的投射关系也不同,这种不同很大程度上与动词的体义有关等等。由于投射理论不仅仅局限于小句复合体,它还牵涉到嵌入结构和一些动词词组等,故以下从投射动词的体义入手,结合动词词组、嵌入结构、小句复合体和新闻语篇等素材,说明动词体义与投射系统相互关系在话语中的具体表现。

4. 1投射动词的体义繁多,如say, tell, explain, state, ask, answer, reply等,它们可以反映出说话者和叙述者对被投射句中的信息的态度。如选择报道动词“point out”表明报道者认为某人所说的为真实情况,而用“claim”则表示怀疑;又如“mused”一词在“It is a great thing, discretion,”mused Poirot. (Halliday, 1994: 252)句中,表示Poirot试图给人一种惊讶地脱口而出,并且确信听者无意中听到了的印象。

某些投射动词不仅表达诸如建议、请求、命令、劝告、同意等信息,即表达命题和提议,而且意味着交际目的已达到,这类投射句中隐含着被投射句情况为实情。例如:

(1)The child coaxed his father to buy him a toy.

(隐含His father bought him a toy. )

(2)At last the teacher persuaded the boy that he was wrong.

(隐含The boy realized that he was wrong. )

(3)He induced the girl to come against her will.

(隐含The girl came against her will )

(4)Mary confirmed that what the boy said to her is true.

(隐含Mary gave proof to what the boy said. )

以上例句中投射动词的含义在体义上等同于终结体动词的目标实现,所以这类动词属于终结体。而某些投射动词的性质则不隐含投射句所述为实情,即被投射句的目标不一定实现。试比较以下例句:

(5)The boy insisted that he was right.

(不隐含He was right. )

(6)The government urged the residents to leave the city.

(不隐含The residents left the city. )

(7)My sister advised me to read the novel

(不隐含I read the book. )

(8)He threatened to blow up the city.

(不隐含He blew up the city. )

(9)He promised to make her happy.

(不隐含He made her happy. )

(10)The teacher proposed that we be on time for the meeting.

(不隐含We are sure to be on time. )

(11)Mike declared that it was difficult for him.

(不隐含It was difficult for Mike. )

(12)He told us to be there on time.

(不隐含We were/will be there on time. )

(13)The teacher asked everyone to bring their assignment.

(不隐含Everyone brought/will bring/has brought their assignment. )

以上例句中,投射动词均为完成体,被投射小句均为提议。我们知道,如果一个提议被投射,那么这个提议实际上不一定产生结果(not actually eventuate),即提供、命令和建议不一定被执行。据此,例14He threatened to blow up the city, but didn’t以及例15TheQueen ordered the executioner to cut off Alice’s head, but he didn’t.是成立的;而例16The Queen got the executioner to cut off Alice’s head but he didn’t. 则自相矛盾了,因为它不是提议而是一个致使结构(causative)。

某些投射命题小句也不隐含投射句所述内容的真实性,也就是说,被投射句目标不一本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。