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listic (Zhang, 2004). Later, Reiss’ student Vermeer further developed his views and proposed Skopos Theory. Thereafter, Manttari enriched Skopos Theory. Manttari’s development of Skopos Theory mainly starts from the act of translation, viewing translation as an interaction between people guided by purpose and oriented by the results of translation (Holz, 1984). Finally, Nord proposed the concept of loyalty based on skopos, emphasizing that the translator must be loyal not only to the author of the original text, but also to the readers of the target text (Nord, 1997).  

The term “skopos” comes from Greek and means “purpose” or “goal”. The functionalist translation school uses it to express the purpose of translation or the purpose of translation behavior. Skopos Theory mainly guides translation from three aspects: the skopos rule, the coherence rule, and the fidelity rule. This theory regards the “skopos rule” as the highest pursuit of translation and provides a new perspective for translation research. The skopos rule emphasizes that all translation activities should prioritize their “translation purpose”, and the translation purpose plays a decisive role in the entire translation behavior. 

2.2 Application of Skopos Theory

This section first discusses the application of Skopos Theory in translation practice, and summarizes the guiding role of Skopos Theory in translation practice by combing relevant literature. Secondly, this section continues to analyze the guiding role of Skopos Theory in this translation practice, including three aspects: skopos rule, coherence rule, fidelity rule.

The introduction of Skopos Theory in China has gone through two stages. The first stage is the initial stage of teleology in China, with a practical span from 1987 to 2000. The second stage is the development stage, which began in 2001 and reached its peak in research on teleology in 2004 (He, 2007). In 1987, Gui Qianyuan published The Three Translators of Allied Germany, marking the introduction of teleology to China. After entering the 21st century, Skopos Theory developed rapidly. Zhang (2005) conducted research on the specific content of Skopos Theory and translation methods under Skopos Theory. At the beginning of the 21st century, the guidance of Skopos Theory mainly focused on non-literary translation genres (Wen, 2008). Mainly related to translation practices in areas such as trademarks, news, and tourism. 

After entering the 21st century, more and more scholars have begun to use Skopos Theory to guide their translation practice. Among them, some scholars have applied teleology to translation in the field of technology (Sun, 2020; Zhang, 2008). In addition, it is also widely used in the field of literature (Zhou, 2022; Gu, 2015). However, few people hold a skeptical attitude toward Skopos Theory. Wu Wenan believes that due to the lack of clear purpose and function in the process of poetry translation, the communicative purpose of the translation cannot be defined (Wu, 2003). Secondly, Ma Wanping believes that teleology overemphasizes the purpose, causing the translation to overlook the linguistic characteristics of the original text (Ma, 2010). 

Chapter 3 Translation Process ............................. 10

3.1 Pre-Translation Preparation ................. 10

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