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orated above,Nie proposed ethical literary criticism,which was warmly accepted and heated discussed by Chinese scholars.Nie’s ethicalliterary criticism embraces the following five aspects:(1)in terms of the relationbetween writers and their works,it is supposed to investigate the writers’moral valuesand their features and their historic background and cause and process of formation,andthe connections of writers’own moral values and the moral values reflected in theirworks,and the influence of writers’moral values on their writings.(2)in terms of worksof writers,it attempts to investigate the relations of moral phenomenon existing inreality and works,the moral inclinations shown by the works,the social and moralvalue of literary works.(3)in terms of the relation between readers and works,it tries tostudy how readers feel about and the readers’evaluations of the writers’moral valuesand the works’moral inclinations,the effects of the works’inclinations on readers andsociety.

Chapter Two The Chaotic Ethical Environment in TheFriend

2.1 The Oppression of Patriarchy

Aristotle believed that there is a natural hierarchy in the world,and the higher onesshould rule over the lower ones.Humans are superior to animals because they canreason and should rule over them.Men are superior to women in reasoning and shouldrule over women(Taylor,2003:34).Therefore,in Aristotle’s view,both women andanimals should serve and be used by men.In the patriarchal society,marginalizedwomen are excluded from the realm of morality.

2.1.1 White Androcentrism

Deconstructionist theorists such as Jacques Derrida argue that logocentrism anddichotomy thinking mode pervades Western philosophy,religion and language,which isa distinctive feature of Western culture.Inspired by them,feminist theorists point outthat Western patriarchal culture is male-centred culture based on the binary oppositionbetween men and women,in which the male as the subject excludes and suppresses thefemale as the other to affirm and consolidate his central position.

In American society centered on white men,white women and ethnic men belongto the other.The former is single dimensional the other,while the latter seeminglysingle dimensional racial the other.However,the white often exert racial dominationover them with the help of gender discourse.The oppression of ethnic women comesfrom white men,white women and men of their ethnic group at the same time,whichcan be said to be the other among the other.The ideological tools used to control theminclude racial discourse,gender discourse and racialized gender discourse from thewhite mainstream culture,and gender discourse from their own ethnic culture(Shi,2021:70).

2.2 The Existence of Anthropocentrism

Ecofeminist believes that anthropocentrism has a similar ruling logic withpatriarchy that humans are separated from nature and men are opposed to women(Wei&Li:11).Anthropomorphism is the projection of human affect and capacity ontononhuman animals,concepts,acts,and objects is commonly understood as an error.Across texts and contexts,modern and postmodern,anthropomorphism appears not onlyas a form of magical thinking,but also as a symptom of anthropocentrism,a rejection ofpluralism,and the failure to appreciate nonhuman difference(Guyer,2020:31).

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