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Throughout history,the evolution of feminism can be delineated into twodistinctive waves.The first wave,which emerged in the late 18th century,drewinspiration from Enlightenment ideals of“natural human rights”and campaigned forequal social rights alongside male citizens.In contrast,the second wave,whichcommenced in the 1960s,accentuated the disparities between women and men,prompting a shift in focus from collective women’s political and social rights towardsindividual physiological and psychological experiences of women.This era saw therise of a pivotal feminist slogan,“The Personal is Political,”catalyzed the emergenceof sexual politics.

ChapterⅡThe Representation of Female Tragedy inAn American Tragedy

2.1 The Objectified Body

The human body is a fundamental aspect of existence for all individuals,particularly women.However,historically,sociological research has often overlookedthe body,deeming it merely a“real”entity.Within the sociological domain,wherenumerous significant issues are up for discussion,the body has been relegated to aninconsequential problem,seemingly unworthy of scholarly attention,resulting in its“absence”from discourse.Alternatively,it has been compartmentalized into categories such as beauty or sexuality,simplifying its complexity.Consequently,within the conceptual academic sphere,which holds considerable importance,thebody has been neglected.It was not until the rise of feminism and postmodernism,advocating for the value of a micro-perspective and the tenet that“the personal ispolitical,”that the body was dissociated and established as an independent and crucialtopic that warranted emphasis.Postmodernist and feminist scholars value the bodydue to its role at the forefront of their critique of traditional ideologies and rationalsubjects.The reevaluation of gender and the body through postmodern feminist theoryhas brought to light the realization that sex and the body encompass not only theirphysiological aspects but are also products of social and cultural constructs.It isinadequate to comprehend and define the“body”solely based on biological,sexual,social,or cultural factors individually;instead,a comprehensive understandingnecessitates the consideration of numerous influencing factors.

2.2 The Morbid Spirit

Compared to the physical body,the spirit exists as an invisible and intangibleessence.While seemingly residing within the body indefinitely,it possesses theability to control,guide,and determine the course and manner of bodily functions.Following Freud's assertion that“Psychoanalysis is a science capable of predicting thescientific perspective of the world,”this chapter endeavors to examine the mentaldisorders experienced by female characters in Dreiser’s literary works through apsychological lens,drawing on theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs andFreud’s concept of“retrogression”.

The female characters depicted in Dreiser’s American Tragedy are depicted asfragmented entities in the realm of the psyche,with their spirits enduring varyingdegrees of torment,bordering on the brink of collapse.This chapter will delve into theemasculated spirits of women in American Tragedy from three distinct perspectives:the sense of being'spiritual orphans'within their original families,the manifestationof“narcissism”stemming from personal cognitive biases,and the exhibition of'm本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。