英语论文网

n each level is isolated but connected with others. Linguists who have this viewpoint consider reading process is a process of decoding, and a process from low degree of recognition such as letters, words to the highest degree of recognition- passages. As for this theory, vocabulary is crucial in reading. If a reader wants to understand totally the whole passage, he should master and grasp every word in passage. So, linguists call theses model text-based model.

Data-processed model is somewhat alike to data-automatic processing model. It also starts from letters and words, and interprets cognitive information of reader, then transforms it to each part in brain to be processed.

In data-processed model, reader just makes a response to language forms, however ignoring context and other elements’ function. It underestimates reader’s positive role in reading process. This static model of linearity is called into question by linguists, especially Smith and Goodman. They fix the blame to this linear model, and put forward their new model

3.3.2 Top-down model

Smith and Goodman are the first to use psychological linguistics theory to analyze the first language reading process. In 1971, Smith put forward redundancy theory. He believes there are four sources of reading information: sight, hearing, syntax. These four sources of information are often repeatedly. If a reader can take full advantage of other three sources, he will decrease requirement for sight. He further notes that it exists phenomenon of redundancy on every level of language, such as letters, words, sentences and passages. So, if reader is able to take advantage of other sources of information, such as knowledge about world, he will he will decrease requirement for eye able information of passage.

According to this theory, Goodman (1973: 15) puts forward a psychological model depends on forehand syntactic and semantic knowledge of reader. It is top-down model which Goodman himself distinguishes as quiz game in psychological linguistics. He holds the viewpoint that reading process is a series of cognitive activity of predicting, choosing, inspecting and verifying. And effective reading activity doesn't depend on precise identification of words, but rests with whether a person can determine well and truly by using as few clues as possible.

Theory of psychological linguistics of Smith and Goodman makes a great impact in research circle, arouses interests of theorists to research in this field. They use theory of psychological linguistics to research Second Language (L2) and foreign language reading. Their result can be seen as extension reading theory of psychological linguistics, and it mainly registers as three aspects: reading process is a positive cognitive process.Readingis a communicative process of reader and author, like a conversation. In reading, reader combines autonomous existent language knowledge and background knowledge, to make a response by passage. The aim of reading is to get meaning. But to gain meaning does not depend on proper material words or sentences; it depends on practical significance of words and sentences in context. In L2 and foreign language reading, apart from reading material transmits information, invisible also information played important role. Psychological language model help people further realize reading behavior, and