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Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 An Overview of Previous Studies on Euphemism
Euphemism is very common in our daily communication; it refers to aphenomenon in which a pleasant, gentle, indirect speech describes unpleasant orimpolite subject and event. In order to achieve the goal of communication in arelevant relaxed and delightful atmosphere, people would use a more polite“lubricant”---euphemism for interpersonal communication when talking aboutembarrassing and unpleasant matters. It is a figure of speech, and even a culturalphenomenon in every aspect of society: religion, procreation, disease, death, funeraland excretion, etc. Scholars from home and abroad realized the significance ofeuphemism very early and they have done research on euphemism for a long time. Western scholars started to study the subject of euphemism from 1580s, whenthe English author George Blount invented the word “euphemism”.In1936, American scholar Mencken explored why hundreds of euphemisms hadbeen appeared and become ordinary in American social and cultural background inhis book The American Language.In 1981, English linguists Hugh Rawson compiled A Dictionary of Euphemismsand Other Double. In the preface of this dictionary, he not only explained thedefinition, classifications, characters and regions of euphemism, but also traced thehistory of euphemism.
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2.2 Classification of English Euphemism
Euphemism is very important in our daily communication. Language workersdo research on it, too. Some euphemisms came into existence long before. Theywere accepted by the whole language community, and have already become alanguage fact. Some euphemisms are temporal language expressions. They weren’taccepted by the whole language community or just used in a small area, so they donot belong to any language system.The former one refers to conventionalized euphemism, the latter one isnon-conventionalized euphemism. For example, in Chinese, “ 解手 ”became amember of our language system, it is a conventionalized euphemism. But “唱歌” ,which is only used by the tour guide, was not accepted by the common people; it isjust a language phenomenon, and it belongs to the non-conventionalized euphemism.In English, people use “to make love with” refer to “to copulate with”. Thiseuphemistic form was widely accepted by the whole language community. It belongsto the language system and belongs to the conventionalized euphemism. But “topluck” (refers to “to take away the virginity of a woman”) was only appeared in theoral American English in the 20th century, and it is non-conventionalizedeuphemism.
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Chapter Three Cognitive View of English Euphemism....... 16
3.1 Precondition of Metonymy ...... 16
3.2 Mechanism of Metonymy........ 22
3.2.1 Conceptual Metonymy and Mapping ..... 22
3.2.2 Conceptual Metonymy and Frames ........ 23
3.2.3 Conceptual Metonymy and Schemata .... 24
3.2.4 Conceptual Metonymy and Scripts......... 26
3.3 Conceptual Metonymy and Idealized Cognitive Models ........ 28
3.4 Frame Model Mechanisms in Euphemism ...... 30
3.5 Metonymy and Euphemism Generation .... 33
Chapter Four Cognitive Effects of Metonymy in English Euphemism ....... 39
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