英语论文网

写作是一项综合技能,要求学生要对词汇、语句、结构、修辞等方面有较为全面牢固的知识,又要能够将基本知识转化为有效的表达手段,论则论的条理分明,有理有据;述则述的完整连贯,生动新颖。因此写作又是一项创造性技能。创造离不开联想和想象,更离不开对基础知识的日积月累。这好比造一堵墙,砖石越多,越牢固,砌墙的时候就越得心应手,选择余地就越大。要想用英语写好文章,应注意以下几个方面问题。

一、词汇
从学生的作文来看,学生对词汇的掌握存在词汇量小、词意褒贬不分、搭配不当和用词欠准确等问题。一篇优秀的作文的词汇应是丰富妥贴,得体恰当的。按照基础阶段英语专业学生四级词汇量要求,认知词汇应是6000个,积极词汇应是2500个,而积极词汇是学生在写作过程中不可缺少的基本材料。掌握一个积极词汇,不仅要掌握其基本意思、常用的引申意义,还要了解它在句中的搭配使用、感情色彩、与同义词的细微差别及具体和抽象的概念。比如,“base”和“basis”的基本意思均为“基础”,但它们在运用时有具体和抽象之分。只有进一步掌握其全面含义、搭配、感情色彩等要素,才能将其准确熟练地运用。词汇的记忆离不开上下文的衬托,将单词放在句段中记忆可以达到对上面要素的全面掌握,可谓一举两得。英语专业的学生应该对词汇的学习有完整的计划,增加对原著的阅读。阅读过程中应随时记下各种表达方式,记下单词、短语的精彩片段,经常翻阅,力求熟能生巧。

二、句子
句子是一个完整的语言单位,每句话都表达一个完整而独立的意思。学生作文的句子往往句型单一,简单句堆砌,多为汉语式、翻译式句子。好的英语句子不仅应该用词准确,无拼写错误,还必需句型多样,结构严谨,通顺畅达,逻辑性强,且能有效、生动、准确地表达意思。学生应掌握以下英语句子的四大要素。
1、一致性。指句子结构完整,时态、语态、语气及句式一致,句子中各部分共同表达一个独立、完整的意思。句子各成分之间的关系应协调、连贯、自然平稳。一般说来,句子不统一的情况有以下几种:
(1)句子意思表达不完整。例如:
误: The party was held in such an interesting way•
正: The party was held in such an interesting way that everyone enjoyed it very much•
(2)句子的主从关系模糊。例如:
误: we are going to call on Mr•Wang, and he is our Chinese teacher•
正: we are going to call on Mr•Wang who is our Chinese teacher•
(3)连接词使用不当。例如,
误: The main reason he was absent was because he was ill.
正: The main reason he was absent was that he was ill•
(4)主谓和时态不一致。例如:
误: He arrive the airport at 10pm yesterday•
正: He arrived the airport at 10pm yesterday•
(5)中心不明确。例如:
误: I was doing some washing in the kitchen last night, I suddenly found my son was standing behind me•
正: When I was doing some washing in the kitchen last night, I suddenly found my son was standing behind me•
2、连贯性。指句子贯通,衔接自然。句子不论长短都应环环相扣,符合语法、逻辑。应注意以下几点。
(1)平行结构。把两个或两个以上意思相近或相对、地位相当的成分以同一语法形式放在一起应注意以下两条规则。
a)使用相同的语法来表达具有相同功能的句子成分,可以运用并列连词and, but或or等。例如:
误: If you want to learn English very well, you′d better try to think in it and speak it as much as possible•
正: If you want to learn English very well, you′d better try to think in it and to speak it as much as possible•
b)正确使用相关联词,如both…and, not…but, neither…nor, not only…but also等。例如:
误: He is not only a good actor but also he is a famous diretor•
正: He is not only a good actor but also a famous director•
(2)代词一致。句中代词应在数、性、人称等方面保持一致,或者与它所照应的名词词组在上述方面保持一致。
例如:
Everything is ready, isn′t it?
We each are responsible for our jobs•
3、简洁性。学生写作时应力求言简意赅。以下举一些相对应的繁琐句和简洁句,我们可以体会其不同之处。
繁琐: My little brother always disappears from view when it is time for dinner.
简洁: My little brother always disappears when it is time for dinner•
繁琐: The point I am trying to make is that practice makes perfect•
简洁: I believe that practice makes perfect.
繁琐: I am writing to call your attention to the fact that…
简洁: I am writing to remind you that…
繁琐: There are several things which are interesting here•
简洁: Several things are interesting here•
4、强调性。强调能更有效地进行思想交流。写作者为使读者能更深入地了解自己的观点,有必要运用强调的手段。常见的手段有以下几种:
(1)句尾强调(End Emphasis)。英语句子中通常将需要强调的部分置于句子末尾。例如:
弱: He has achieved success, I believe.
强: He has, I believe, achieved success•
(2)倒装语序(Inverted order)。运用颠倒正常语序的手法达到强调。例如:
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