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guided by the framing theory of cognitive linguistics, which draws on the essence of frame research in sociology, linguistics and political Science, and extends it in the context of cognitive science to build an analytical platform consisting of three levels: language-cognition-society. At the beginning of the 21st century, the American linguist, Lakoff introduced the farming analysis of frame semantics, sociology and communication to the field of political discourse, and combined the latest findings of cognitive linguistics and cognitive science to create the theory of frame. 

Many foreign scholars have used framing theory to analyze the political speeches of the two parties (Lakoff, 2004), and studied the cognitive manipulation of frame in American political speeches around two family metaphor models. Lakoff’s framing theory is based on two different understandings of God as a strict father or a nurturant parent in Western Christian culture. Lakoff (2002) argued that we often understand the “state” and “government” frame through the basic frame of “family”, that is, the basic metaphor of “state as family”. After being highly abstracted, the family model forms an idealized psychological model of family life and maps it into an idealized national life (Lakoff, 2008). 

2.2 Studies on Ecological Discourse Abroad

Ecological problems often involve multiple fields, and ecological discourse is obviously a research object beyond a single discipline. In addition, the multi-dimensional nature of discourse understanding determines the multi-dimensional nature of ecological discourse understanding (Zheng & Wang, 2018). Ecological discourse research has been fully developed in the field of linguistics and non-linguistics. 

With “ecological discourse” as the precise keyword, 30 academic fields related to linguistics and non-linguistics were retrieved from the CNKI, and more than 40 academic fields were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS). Ecological discourse has made great achievements in the research of politics (Dryzek, 2005, Rosenbaum, 2016), communication (Dürr & Pascht, 2017, Peeples & Depoes, 2014) and other disciplines. However, this study focuses on the field of linguistics and explores the interaction between language and ecology. The following is a review of ecological discourse studies at different perspectives.

Chapter Three THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................... 21

3.1 Framing Theory ...................... 21

3.1.1 Levels of Frame .......................... 21

3.1.2 Working Mechanism of Frame ..................... 23

Chapter Four METHODOLOGY ........................ 31

4.1 Research Questions ............................. 31

4.2 Data Collection ............................. 31

4.3 Data Analysis ............................... 33

Chapter Five RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................ 37

5.1 Identification of Frames .......................... 37

5.1.1 Identification of Surface Frames in Chinese Media .................. 37

5.1.2 Identification of Surface Frames in American Media ................ 42

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