of classifications of hedges that linguists put forward. Four types appears originally in L.A.Zadeh reseach: some adjectives and adverbs; like some suffixes -ish, -likely, -ly , once they are added to words, these words may become hedges; some words indicate speakers' hesitation or uncertainty, acting as adverbials of manner or adverbials of degree; when someone expresses oneself, he /she makes use of sentence structure in order to show more polite. Kasper (1981) regarded hedges as downgrader: face marker, such as "please", "could"; understater, like "a little"; subjectivizer,like "i'm afraid"; downtoner, such as "probably" , "maybe"; cajoler, like "you know"; appealer, like "right"; hesitation marker, like "well"; limiter, like "this weekend".
In our country, according to He Ziran's research, hedges consist of approximations and shields. From the board semantic characters, Chen Linhua (1994) divides hedges into five types: degree, range, quality, quantity and manner. Semantic hedges and pragmatic hedges under the degree of hedges depending on contexts make up of hedges proposed by Gao Xiaofang and Zhang Qin. What's more, Zhao Yinglin classifies hedges of science and technology language into three parts: accuracy-oriented hedges, author-oriented hedges and reader-oriented hedges in accordance with hedges functions and restrictive range.
However, so far the most influential and widely recognized one is proposed by E. F. Prince and his colleagues, J. Frader and C. Bosk from the point of pragmatics.
Adaptors
Approximators
Rounders
Hedges
Plausibility shields
Shields Attribution shields
2.3 The structure of hedges
Approximators can alter the original meaning of discourse structure, or make some changes of the original words to some extend based on the practical situation, or give a fluctuating range to the original words. Adaptors are those that can reveal the true extent of differences in discourse, while rounders are those that limit fluctuating range. On the contrary, shields don't change the original meaning of discourse structure. It is just addition of an explanation which makes original affirmative tone towards relaxation. Plausibility are those speakers pluzz or doubt the theme, while shields shows speakers' uncertainty of the theme, but it borrows the third person's opinion in order to express oneself indirectly.
Hedges
Approximators Shields
Adaptors Rounders Plausibility Attribution
Kind of
Sort of
A little bit
Really
Somewhat
Very
Quite
Almost
Just
Commonly
In a sense
More or less
Especially
Much
Slightly
Highly
To some extent About
Around
Roughly
approximately
Over
Something between...
A lot of
Or so
At most
Atleast
Many
Seldom
Several
Most
Sometimes
Strictly speaking
Virtually
Regular
Practically
Actually
Technically
In some aspects
Relatively
essentially
Less than/more than I think
I believe
I guess
I suppose
I suspect
I wonder
I hope
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