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m is that prejudice or discrimination based on sex: especially, discrimination against women. One explanation of sexism in American traditional dictionary is that the bias of a sort of gender members to other gender members. In language habit本论文由英语论文网www.51lunwen.org整理提供, sexism usually refers to the discrimination against women. Well then, how does English language discriminate female?

A. Male-as norm Attitude

Male’s language is taken as standard and main body, while female’s language is just taken as appurtenant or ancilla.
1. Generic Masculine Words
The third person pronoun “he” is partial to male in language use. He, his, and him refers to male, but when we don’t know the sex of the person, he, his, and him can generally refer to the whole human beings, which is a rule in English. For instance, every student has to make up his own mind. Although the total number of woman exceeds 50 percent, the proportion of “he and she” existing in literature is 4:1 according to the statistics. Spender incisi本论文由英语论文网www.51lunwen.org整理提供vely describes such phenomena: “Now she represents a woman but he is mankind .If she enters mankind she loses herself in he.” (Spender, 1980:158)
2. Female as Male’s Appendix
Regarding female as male’s appendix is an embodiment of male as norm attitude. Many English countries have such customs that female change their names into their husband’ names when they get married. Owning to such customs, Mrs. Bush, the wife of American president and Mrs. Thatcher, premier of Britain can not make an exception. The phenomena of female as appendix of male also embody in the word-building of geminate nouns. Such as: author/authoress. We found that in the English language when the woman and the man have to use the different forms of the same noun. The masculine words commonly have no mark, namely, the noun itself, while the feminine words usually get mark when adding an affix to the masculine words, which is, having mark. Such as those words steward/stewardess, male/female, hero/heroine, usher/usherette, etc.

Once upon a time there was a saying that woman is just like man’s cloth. Maybe the ways of word-building above are just reflecting the bias of people in their sub-consciousness. That is, women have to rely on men and are appendixes of men.
3. Woman as Exception本论文由英语论文网www.51lunwen.org整理提供
Woman as exception also shows the concept of male criterion. People usually in their minds regard reputable person as male, once a reputable woman will be treated as an exception, which will be wantonly aired by mass media. Whenever and wherever once refer to a famous woman, people are used to add female, and woman and other words before their names to show their sexes. But this situation doesn’t exist in male.
There are some nouns in English denoting occupations. For example, doctor, lawyer, reporter, attendant originally are neuter, that is to say, they can both refer to female and male and have no sexual differences. But what are strange, people chronically associate such kinds of words with male. So when they want to refer the female who pursue those jobs, they gild the lily by adding words like woman, lady, girl, and female before them. Thus make the本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。