已经提到的、交际双方可以填补的,但不在特定的地方出现的成分。它也可以看作是语篇中的零替代。省略的使用既能避免重复,也能起到衔接的作用。省略也可以分为三类:名词性省略、动词性省略和分句性省略。1)You all know the reasons which have im 2pelled me to renounce the throne.B ut Iwant you tounderstand that,in making up my m ind,I did notforget the country or the emp ire which,as Prince ofW ales and lately as King,I have for 25 years triedto serve.为避免重复,动词serve后省略了the countryo r the emp ire,完整的表达应是I have for 25 yearstried to serve the country or the emp ire。2)I believe we can transform our links if bothsides are indeed ready to make the effort.For ourpart,we are.For our part,we are是一个不完整的句子,省略掉了表语从句,补充完整则是:For our part,we are indeed ready to m ake the effort.在英语演讲文中,从结构形式的角度讲,省略往往是留下一个空位,由听众来填补出一个句子或句群完整的意思。因此,一个句子中被省略的成分通常都可以从语境中找到,换言之,一个句子给另一个句子的理解提供了依据,使它们形成了连接关系,这也是一种语义的重现,起到了强调的作用。
(四)连接连接指用连词、副词或词组(短语)把两个命题联系起来的手段。连接成分本身并没有衔接意义,而是通过它们特定的意义间接地具有衔接作用。1)Instead of honoring this sacred obligation,America has given the Negro peop le a bad check,acheck which has com e back m arked“insufficientfunds.”B ut we refuse to believe that the bank ofjustice is bankrup t.B ut一词构成了上下两个句子之间的转折关系,抓住了听者的注意力。2)W e observe today no t a victory of part,buta celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end,aswell as a beginning-signifying renewal,as well aschange,for I have sworn befo re you and A lm ightyGod the same so lemn oath our forebears p rescribednearly a century and three quarters ago.这个例子中使用了多个表连接关系的词语:not…but…表示转折,强调句子的后半部分;for表前后句子之间的原因关系;and,aswell as表增补关系,表示几个名词短语之间的逻辑语义意义。上述例句表明,连接可以用来表示两个小句或两个成分之间的逻辑语义关系,在语篇中位置通常受限,大多数位于它们所连接的两个或多个句子之间。在英语演说辞中的使用较频繁,使语篇布局合理、逻辑清晰,如行云流水般娓娓道来。
三、英语演说辞中的词汇衔接手段
词汇是语篇信息的主要载体,其手段的多样性决定了其具有丰富的表达和交际功能。词汇衔接指通过重复使用原词、同义词、近义词、反义词、上下义词、互补性词和表示整体与部分的词,以及词汇同现等衔接手段来连接语篇,达到语义连贯。1)Fourscore and seven years ago our fathersbrought fo rth on this continent a new nation,con2ceived in liberty and dedicated to the p ropositionthat all m en are created equal.Now we are engagedin a great civil war,testing whether that nation o rany nation so conceived and so dedicated can longendure.2)B ut in a larger sense,we cannot dedicate,we cannot consecrate,we cannot hallow thisground.词汇衔接中最直接的方式是具有同样语义、同一形式的词汇在语篇中的反复出现。例1)和例2)都采用了重复,体现的是词汇的复现关系。例1)中,conceived和dedicated是词语重复,在林肯的葛底斯堡演讲中,常出现词语重复,如:dedi2cate,conceive,consecrate,here,devotion。可见,词语重复在演说中不仅可以发挥语篇的纽带作用,还可以达到突出主题、加深印象的效果。除了词语重复外,还有句子结构的重复,如:例2)中重复了三个并列we cannot句型,层层递进,极富感染力。英语演讲名作《我有一个梦想》当中就使用了大量的句子结构重复,起到了排比的修辞效果,使全文气势恢宏,激情洋溢。3)Five score years ago,a great American,inwho se symbolic shadow we stand today,signed theEm ancipation Proclam ation.This Mom entous de2cree came as a great beacon light of hope to m illionsof Negro slaves who had been seared in the flamesof w ithering injustice.第二句中的ThisMomentous decree指的是第一句中的the Emancipation Proclamation,为了避免单调,讲话者用词语的其它表达形式重复出现在语篇中,也达到了相互衔接的目的。这样的表达方式也是词汇复现。4)The wo rld w ill little note nor long remem2ber what we say here,but it can never fo rget whatthey did here.该例句中remember和forget是一对反义词,表现了意义不同的词项在语篇中的接应关系,即词汇的同现关系,可见,反义词也可以起到衔接的作用,适当地使用意义相反的词语互相衬托,不仅增强语言鲜明的对比性,还能起到加强语义的作用。由以上分析可以得知,演说辞中大量采用了衔接手段,保证了整个语篇的连贯性。在使用中,讲话者不会仅使用一种衔接手段,通常采用多种衔接手段,使语言丰富,文章生动形象,如下例:5)You feel,though the occasion is mournful,that it is good to be here.You feel that it was great2ly ausp icious for the cause of the country that themen of the East,and the men of the W est,the menof nineteen sister states,stood side by side on theperilous ridges of the battle.You now feel it a newbond of union that they shall lie side by side till aclarion,louder than that which m ar
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