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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2015-05-25编辑:felicia点击率:37226
论文字数:15073论文编号:org201505042026249732语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
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摘要:对于一个企业的成长而言,领导人的动机和决策直接关乎企业的成败,本文就简要介绍企业发展过程中动机的重要性。
An earlier, more elaborate TAT, was the test that was originally used in establishing the link between entrepreneurship and need for achievement, which was developed for use in clinical work (Morgan and Murray 1935). It consist of pictures in black and white of people and different objects in different settings, where its roots in psychoanalytical theory, argues that people tend to project their own feelings, needs and motives into the picture, i.e. the projective hypothesis (McClelland et al 1953). According to Murray (1943, pg 1), the biggest benefit obtained from using TAT is that it exposes the underlying inhibited tendencies which the subject would not be willing to admit because he/she is unconscious of them.
Going by Atkinson and McClelland's (1948) who developed Murray's clinically used TAT for research purposes, and which were able to measure the motive's strength, we will be able to draw a line between why some entrepreneurs would be likely to be more risk averse than others, why some would be attracted more to the serial entrepreneurial tendencies than others, etc. The intensity of instructions was in this experiment varied to different groups before they wrote their TAT stories, with one group given achievement oriented instructions, the second group given neutral, and the third given relaxed instructions. The special kind of thoughts found in the achievement group, and not found in the relaxed and neutral groups, was used as an operational definition of achievement motivation (McClelland et al, 1953). This study uses longitudinal design to examine CMPS and TAT's in measuring need for achievement by entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurial activities of starting new businesses.
3.3. Limitations
Although the TAT procedure had been designed to produce unanimity between theoretical definition, method of measurement, and operational definition, it has been criticized on two different levels; concerning its psychometric standards, and its general administration use (Gjesme 1970, pg 4). It has been felt that the projective procedure is complicated and time consuming in terms of both its administration and scoring, and many researchers opting for the use of objective tests in stead (pg, 3).
According to Klinger (1966), the TAT's psychometric standards has been criticized as having a low predictive validity and poor reliability, but it has been adopted for this research on the basis of its impressionistic school, and should therefore be judged by standards from the impressionistic school which according to McClelland (1999) implies creativity which is ideal for multiple entrepreneurs.