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p> The use of questionnaires in this kind of research is criticized for use to examine the needs for achievement, where the biggest blow to the method bases on the way they can be biased because subjects might make their choices on the basis of what is considered socially acceptable, or creating ideological pictures of themselves, or in correspondence to their own images. The questions could also be fixed in predetermined areas, too specific, or lacking in nuances, all of which would limit the information they can give (McClelland, 1990).

McClelland (1990), argues that it could be possible that objective tests have been developed and used to measure the need for achievement because of the way use of the projective tests have been criticized. In a case in record where questionnaires were used was in the Mukherjee Sentence Completion Test (SCT), carried out in India and that found a relatively higher achievement values for successful entrepreneurs in India than the non successful (Pandey and Tewary, 1979).

Research Hypothesis

The hypothesis to be tested was, “measurement of n achievement (TAT), and need for achievement (CMPS) have a predictive validity for the multiple entrepreneurial activity, i.e. start of new businesses

4.1. Data Collection

Methodology

The data for longitudinal study were according to Hansemark, (1998) collected eleven years after the psychological measurement of n achievement (TAT) and need for achievement (CMPS), by an examination of two separate public-authority registered companies for the presence of the individuals concerned. One register had information on limited companies as well as the other information about other forms of business companies e.g. trading companies, limited partnerships, sole proprietorships etc. The registers were examined by civil servants at the public authority, and the results forwarded to the researcher in writing, articulating whether each person had started a new business or many businesses during the eleven year period.

The time between measuring the personal characteristics and the data collection for the longitudinal study could affect the results if for instance the periods were too short or some special event e.g. if major economic depression took place. Since data for the study were collected eleven years after measuring the personal characteristics, the individuals could be considered considerably settled in a working career or in establishing new business (es) (Hansemark 1998). During the eleven years, the economic conditions must have had its ups and downs, therefore giving the research adequate period for sensible judgment because it followed the expected phases of economic development, (Hansemark 1998).

The psychological TAT and CMPS were measured eleven years before the longitudinal study data were collected. According to Hansemark (1998), the aim of the initial study (before-after design with experimental and control group) was to show whether, an entrepreneurship program in Sweden could increase the sub本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。