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W.  Schlegel  has claimed that ¡°for as long as the nature of language allows, a poem should be recreated in the same meter¡± (Schlegel 52). This announcement is obviously based on a linguistic background. It  is  even  regarded  that  translation  is  nothing  but  the  simple  transformation  of  linguistic symbols, so that a good command of languages is the only guarantee for a good translation. It cannot  be  denied  that  translation  is  enormously  influenced  by  the  study  of  semiotics  and linguistics, but there is still limitation when coping with translation problems.  
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2.2 Three Key Terms of Lefevere¡¯s Manipulation Theory 
Three manipulative factors in translation are put forward, namely ideology, poetics and patronage. Lefevere gives detailed explanations to the role of each factor, and points out that in joint efforts, three factors manipulate the translator and the literary system. In another word, ideology  and  poetics  constrain  the  translator¡¯s  translation  strategies  in  solving  specific problems  within  the  literary,  while  patronage  operates  outside.  Consequently,  under  such constraints,  translation  becomes  one  form  of  rewriting.  Lefevere  states  that  language,  time, place  and  tradition  all  have  to  be  taken  into  consideration  by  the  translator.  In  another  book Translation, History and Culture, Lefevere claims that the translation studies ¡°are moving on from  a  formalist  phase  to  deliberation  of  broader  political  and  cultural  contexts¡±  (Lefevere 132). That is to say, translation creates new reading texts and cultural images.   
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Chapter Three Manipulative Factors towards the Translator and the Western World ....... 20 
3.1 Howard Goldblatt¡¯s Personal Poetics and Ideology .......... 21 
3.1.1 Goldblatt¡¯s Personal Poetics ........ 21 
3.1.2 Goldblatt¡¯s Personal Ideology ..... 23 
3.2 Poetics, Ideology and Patronage in the Western Society ......... 26 
Chapter Four Manipulative Factors in Red Poppies: A Novel of Tibet ........ 34 
4.1 Poetic Manipulation: Evidenced by Translation Strategies ...... 34 
4.1.1 Addition .... 34 
4.1.2 Omission .......... 35 
4.1.3 Alteration ......... 36 
4.2  Ideology  Manipulation:  Evidenced  by  the  Translation  of  Tibetan ........ 42 
4.2.1 Cultural Ideology Manipulation: The Translator¡¯s Ideology of ¡°Han Chinese¡± 42 
4.2.2 Political Ideology Manipulation: The Translator¡¯s Ideology of ¡°Inner Tibet¡± ......... 43 
4.3 Patronage Manipulation: Evidenced by the Translation of the Book¡¯s Title ........ 45 

Chapter Four Manipulative Factors in Red Poppies: A Novel of Tibet  

4.1 Poetic Manipulation: Evidenced by Translation Strategies 
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