Ó¢ÓïÂÛÎÄÍø

religion can never be ignored in the long river of Tibetan history, many studies have been conducted from cultural and religious angles. Li Jian believes that ¡°in spite of  the  influence  of  the  Buddhism,  the  impacts  of  the  Bon  religion  on  the  novel  can  still  be spotted in narrations and plot constructions¡± (À  151).   To sum up, the studies on Chen Ai Luo Ding in China have yielded substantial results and will prompt further researches.   
.........

1.2 Previous Studies on Red Poppies: A Novel of Tibet  
Due to the cooperation of Howard Goldblatt and his wife Sylvia Lin, Chen Ai Luo Ding has the chance to meet the western readers. Translated as Red Poppies: A Novel of Tibet, the English  version  was  published  in  2002.  Soon  it  gained  great  popularity  and  positive comments in the western countries, as can be evidenced by readers¡¯ feedbacks on Amazon¡¯s website.  In sharp contrast to the fruitful researches on the original text, it is disappointing to find that there are only few studies on the English version of Chen Ai Luo Ding. Books concerning about  the  translation  analyses  of  Chen  Ai  Luo  Ding  are  not  available.  There  are  only  three masters¡¯ dissertations that shed light on Red Poppies. A research on the translation of Tibetan culture in Red Poppies: A Novel of Tibet has been conducted by He Na, in which she speaks highly  of  Howard  Goldblatt¡¯s  accurate  translation  strategies.  She  applies  cultural  matrix proposed by Liu Miqing to the analyses of translation strategies. She discusses the definition of culture from the perspective of translation studies, and explains the cultural background in Chen Ai Luo Ding. She focuses on typical cultural carriers so as to grasp the Tibetan culture essence. Then, in the light of culture matrix, she compares the source text and the translated version,  and  thus  summarizes  the  translation  methods  adopted  to  translate  cultural information. She believes that Goldblatt¡¯s translation strategy plays a leading role in the field of  Tibetan  literature  translation,  and  that  is  worth  studying  (ºØÄÈ  2010).  
..........

Chapter Two Theoretical Framework of Lefevere¡¯s Manipulation Theory 

2.1 Introduction to Lefevere¡¯s Manipulation Theory 
This part demonstrates how Lefevere¡¯s theory comes into being. To begin with, it is the background of Culture Turn that paves way for the emerging of the manipulation school. In the course of translation, the emphases on the linguistic level have shifted to the cultural level. Then, under such circumstances, the manipulation school stands out to claim that translation is a manipulation over the original. Lefevere¡¯s manipulation theory is a new focus among the schools of thoughts. The  structuralists,  who  dominate  the  translation  field  for  decades,  have  always considered  translation  as  text  comparison  and  linguistic  equivalence.  A.  ±¾ÂÛÎÄÓÉÓ¢ÓïÂÛÎÄÍøÌṩÕûÀí£¬ÌṩÂÛÎÄ´úд£¬Ó¢ÓïÂÛÎÄ´úд£¬´úдÂÛÎÄ£¬´úдӢÓïÂÛÎÄ£¬´úдÁôѧÉúÂÛÎÄ£¬´úдӢÎÄÂÛÎÄ£¬ÁôѧÉúÂÛÎÄ´úдÏà¹ØºËÐĹؼü´ÊËÑË÷¡£