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collectioncalled Strategies in Interlanguage Communication, which mainly deals with how torely on available linguistic resources to tackle existing communicative problems. Thesecollected papers try to investigate CSs from various perspectives: some attempt todefine CSs; some intend to classify CSs; some others concentrate on empirical studiesof CSs. A great interest in studying CSs has been aroused since the publication of thiscollection and a great deal of publications (e.g. Paribakht, 1985; Willems, 1987) whichare concerned with the definition, classification, teachability and influencing factors ofCSs emerge. 
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CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter reviews the literature related to the topic of CS. It consists of fivesections. In the first section, some definitions of CSs proposed by different scholars arepresented. In the second section, different classifications of CSs are discussed. In thethird section, a tentative classification of CSs for this study is put forward. In the fourthsection, the teachability of CSs is discussed. In the final section, related studies of CSstudies abroad and at home are presented.

2.1 Definitions of CSs
From the interactional perspective, CSs are techniques adopted by secondlanguage (L2) learners for interactional purposes, which are characterized by the'negotiation of an agreement on meaning' between interlocutors (Tarone, 1981). Someresearchers have offered their own CS definition in terms of this approach.Tarone et al. (1976, p. 85) define CSs as 'a systematic attempt by the learner toexpress or decode meaning in the target language, in situations where the appropriatesystematic target language rules have not been formed.' According to this definition,CSs can be used to cope with both productive and receptive problems in thecommunication that learners are unable to deal with with the available TL resources.However, this definition confines users of CSs only to language learners by excludingnative speakers.Tarone (1977) further develops the definition of CSs proposed by Cohen et al. in1976 by including native speakers as users of CSs as well. She (1977, p. 195) states'CSs are used by an individual to overcome the crisis when language structures areinadequate to convey the individual's thought'. Three years later, in light of herprevious CS definitions, Tarone puts forward another definition of CSs. In her words,CS is a 'mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations whererequisite meaning structures do not seem to be shared' (Tarone, 1980, p. 420). Thetypical characteristic of this definition is that it treats the main function of CSs as themeaning negotiation between two interlocutors. Furthermore, 'interlocutors' indicateboth language learners and native speakers might be the users of CSs.
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2.2 Classifications of CSs
Due to different understandings of the nature of CSs, the classifications of CSsprovided by different researchers vary significantly. The following are somerepresentative ones.Tarone's (1977) classification is based on the observation and analysis of nineEnglish learners' speech production. She finds CSs used by those learners can beroughly divided into five major categories, each of which contains some subcategories(see Appendix I). Avoidance involves topic avoidance and message abandonment whileparaphrase includes approximation, word coinage and 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。