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ies,  or  by  analogy,  that  is,  proportion（Aristotle,  1954）. According  to  Aristotle’s  statement,  Roman  rhetorician  Quintilian  raises  the substitution  theory  whose  core  is  the  view  that  metaphor  is  in  fact  a  rhetorical device  that  is  used  to  replace  one  non-metaphorical  word  with  another metaphorical  word.  Another  theory  that  holds  a  similar  viewpoint  is  the comparison  theory.  This  theory  also  originates  from  Aristotle,  and  believes metaphor  is  “implicit  comparisons,  based  on  the  principles  of  analogy”(Andrew Ortony,  1993).  Both  Aristotle  and  Quintllian  take  the  metaphor  as  a  rhetorical device, which is used for decorating language. Studies of metaphor in this period are limited on lexical level. 
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2.2   Studies of Metaphors in Poems 
Many  scholars  study  metaphors  in  poems  in  various  ways,  such  as  cognitive approach,  psychology,  aesthetics,  and  semantics.  No  matter  in  English  or  Chinese, researchers  study  metaphors  in  poems  by  combining  conceptual  metaphor  and  other subjects.  This  has  become  a  trend.  And  in  this  part,  the  author  will  introduce  some researchers’ opinions on metaphors in poems in both English and Chinese.  English  poetry,  as  the  quintessence  of  world  literature,  occupies  an  important position  in  researchers’  studies  because  of  its  refined  language,  distinct  form  and fresh artistic conception. Despite of its style and theme, an impressing English poem never  fails  to  evoke  readers’  thinking  with  its  poetic  value,  and  artful  metaphors which  can  always  reflect  the  poet’s  aspiration  and  emotion.  Since  metaphor  is  the essence of poetry and plays a vital role in conveying the intended meaning, C. Lewis comments  metaphor  as  the  life  principle  of  poetry  and  the  glory  of  poets  (Shu Dingfang  2000:120).  As  an  extraordinary  and  essential  way  of  expression, “metaphor  is  the  logic  of  poetry”  (Briggs  &  Monaco  1990:257),  and  it  functions when  adding  depth,  beauty,  emotion  to  a  poem.  In  the  pioneering  work  Theory  of Literature,  Wellek  and  Warren  observe,  “The  two  main  organizing  principles  of poetry  are  meter  and  metaphor.  Poetry  本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。