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faced with the translation difficulties in the source text, the translator chose strategies such as literal translation, transposition, unit shift and cohesion change to cope with them.

4.1.1 Literal Translation

According to Chesterman, literal translation means the target language should be “maximally close to the source language form, but nevertheless grammatical” (Chesterman, 2012:94). The source text is a medical text, which is characterized by objectivity, and thus in the process of translation, the translator should be faithful to the source text. Example 1:

ST: Nicotine initially enhances the metabolism of the body and reduces appetite, hereby, leading to weight loss.

TT: 尼古丁最初会提高身体的新陈代谢，降低食欲，从而导致体重减轻。

Analysis: The English sentence above expresses the impacts of nicotine on people. According to the accountability norm, “a translator should act in such a way that the demands of loyalty are appropriately met with regard to the original writer, the commissioner of the translation, the translator himself or herself, the prospective readership and any other relevant parties” (Chesterman, 2012:68). The translator has the duty to be faithful to the source text and doesn’t cheat target readers in the meantime. Therefore, the translator adopted the strategy of literal translation to convey the facts above to target readers faithfully, and the translated version is intelligible. 

Chapter 5 Conclusion

5.1 Gains

To begin with, the author has had a better knowledge of the two topics: tobacco use and alcohol consumption, which not only affect the health of adult smokers and drinkers, but also have considerably negative impacts on the physical and mental development of young people. In the meantime, the translator has learnt lots of terms in this field. 

Moreover, the author knows more about Chesterman’s translation norm theory. First of all, the translator knows more about the evolution of the “translation norm” and the origin of Chesterman’s translation norm, which promote the translator’s understanding of the theory. Moreover, the framework and contents of Chesterman’s translation norm theory are learnt including translation norms, translation strategies and translation ethics and so on. Among them, translation norms can guide translation through the application of translation strategies. Translation strategies contain diverse strategies, which provide more options for the translator. Translation ethics governing translation norms can help the translator check whether the translation conforms to translation norms. In addition, the translator better knows the fact that Chesterman’s translation norm theory is a comprehensive system. Therefore, when translating, the translator should bear in mind that the translation guided by translation strategies should meet the requirements of translation norms, in order to produce a faithful, idiomatic and intelligible translation.

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