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still embodies the free will of human beings.In Solar,Melissaand Tarpin choose to give in to the predicament,and in the face of alienated relationshipsand an absurd world,they choose to submit.

Freedom is the birthright of human beings,but freedom is limited by other people inthe course of human relationships,thus leading some people to make negative free choices.Melissa is a traditional woman uninfluenced by feminist ideology.When she is facing theobjectification of herself,Melissa does not realize that she is under oppression,so shechooses to be submissive.Melissa chooses to compromise out of her love for Beard.Shetolerates all of Beard’s flaws and is even able to stand for the fact that Beard never wants tomarry her,but only as a long-term lover.The reason Melissa’s love for Beard is her lack oflove during her childhood.As mentioned earlier,Melissa’s tendency to pick older men aspartners is due to the fact that her father is dead during her formative years of sexualdevelopment.Regarding Melissa’s family environment,McEwan makes the followingdescription:

“She loved her father and lived with her mother,with whom she often fought.When her mother married the last in a series of“obnoxious”boyfriends,Melissawent to live with her father across the common,just as he suffered a stroke.Fromthe age of fourteen she nursed him(intimately,for he was almost completelyparalyzed)until his death four years later”(206).

2.2 Choice of Evasion

Sartre said:“freedom is the basis of all essences”(Being and Nothingness 533).Thatis to say,man is born free,and the only thing unfree about man is his inability to get rid offree.Therefore,human beings are free to make choices;in difficult situations,takingresponsibility is a choice,going against the grain is a choice,and likewise,escape is also afree choice.In the novel,the protagonist,Beard,is deeply trapped in the absurd externalworld and the alienated relationship with his lovers and colleagues.The choice he makes isto keep escaping.

Regarding the psychological origins of escape,in his book Escape from Freedom,Fromm states that the mechanism of escape originates in the insecurity of the isolatedindividual.As he writes:

“Once the initiating bond that gives the individual security has been severed,oncethe individual is confronted with an external world that is completely separatefrom him and self-contained,he is faced with two alternatives,for he mustovercome an unbearable state of powerlessness and loneliness.One path is toadvance along‘positive freedom’......the other is to retreat,to give up freedom,and to try to overcome loneliness by bridging the gap between the individual selfand society”(100).

Chapter Three The Consequence of Different Free Choices .................... 56

3.1 Objectified Existence Trapped in Dilemma ................... 56

3.2 Passive Existence Falling into Nothingness ................................... 62

3.3 Actual Existence Transcending Oneself ........................... 66

Conclusion ............................... 74

Chapter Three The Consequence of Different Free Choices

3.1 Objectified Existence Trapped in Dilemma

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