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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:学术文章 Scholarship Essay登出时间:2014-12-01编辑:Cinderella点击率:12725
论文字数:3060论文编号:org201411261306508660语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:epistemic valuenational identitySingapore国家认同
摘要:国家认同是一个国家的公民对自己归属哪个国家的认知以及对这个国家的构成,如政治、文化、族群等要素的评价和情感。是族群认同和文化认同的升华。建构主义国际关系学派从国际层面对国家认同的形成和变化进行分析。本文以新加坡政府在构建国家认同方面所做的工作为例,解析了国家认同概念及更深层含义。
2.1 Gramsci, Hegemony and the Government as Dominant Discourse
Gramsci argued that political power is backed up by hegemony, attained through the dissemination of ideas of the ruling group to society to gain the people’s consent, to in turn sustain the hegemony [4] , thus acting as a self-enforcing cycle.
Since a nation is defined by the people’s continued consent to and civic participation in the state, it can be said that the government naturally has hegemony over the people. Thus, the government is able use its position of hegemony to disseminate ideologies and ideas through socialization – the internalization of the government’s ideologies – through institutions such as schools, which inculcates the government’s notion of national identity in the people. Since national identity inspires loyalty to the state, any government finds it politically expedient to construct national identity. However, a truly representative national identity should be able to encapsulate the values, norms and experiences of its people. Can the government-constructed national identity do so?
Since any government policy will bear a political agenda, a government-constructed national identity thus has political value in mind, rather than epistemic value. The constant socialization process may thus change what one knows of oneself as a Singaporean, and gradually erode one’s knowledge of national identity to fit into the social norms created by the government-constructed national identity. One example of the Singaporean national identity the government has tried to remove or reduce has been the popular colloquial language Singlish, a variety of English mixed with Chinese, Malay and Indian words and dialects. As Stephan Ortmann points out, “For many Singaporeans, Singlish has become a ‘badge of identity’”. [5] However, the government has on countless attempts disparaged and opposed the proliferation of Singlish, as it does not fit into their development plans, through campaigns such as a nationwide Speak Good English movement, promoting English and restricting the use of Singlish. Such actions taken by the government highlights the erosion of culture through the process of socialization which limits what one knows of himself as a citizen of Singapore to what the government-constructed national identity narrates.
The next chapter uses the Asian Values as a case study to show the epistemological problems of a government-constructed national identity.
3.0 The Asian Values and problems of Essentialism
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