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ng descriptions of static entities with dynamic semantic features. Such insights provide a significant cognitive foundation for understanding the essence and attributes of FM, while also revealing its intimate connection with the human cognitive system. Subsequently, scholars such as Langacker, Lakoff, and Fauconnier have delved into this phenomenon, providing more comprehensive cognitive elucidations of FM. 

Diverging from Talmy, Langacker posits that meaning is an inherently conceptualizing process, asserting that, for the same referential object, varying conceptualizations yield distinct semantic outcomes. Langacker (1987) contends that FM arises within the “mental scanning” mechanism of human cognition. He delineates the differentiation between spatial stasis and abstract motion based on the divergent visual scanning modes employed. In cognitive processes, abstract motion entails a “sequential scanning” mechanism, characterized by sequentially scanning informational content, with the information load progressively increasing throughout the scanning process. In contrast, spatial stasis involves a “summary scanning” approach, wherein individual components of an event are scanned separately, culminating in an overarching conceptual synthesis. Building upon these foundations, Langacker (2005, 2008) further expounds on the formation of FM from the perspectives of cognitive linguistics and linguistic dynamism. 

2.2 Cross-language Contrastive Analysis

Since Talmy proposed the binary typology in the 1980s, there has been a growing number of studies exploring the differences between the Indo-European and Romance language families. These studies often use English as a baseline to compare how languages within the Romance family, such as French and Spanish, express motion events with distinct strategies. However, with the introduction of Slobin’s (2004) concept of equipollently-framed language, languages like Chinese and Thai have gradually garnered scholars’ attention. While research on Chinese has begun to deepen, much of it still focuses on the exploration of motion events. Although there have been studies on the important linguistic phenomenon of FM, they are relatively scarce compared to those on motion events.  

Matsumoto (1996) conducted comparative analyses between English and Japanese, elucidating both shared characteristics and distinctions in the coextension paths of FM expressions in these languages. The difference between the two languages is that impassable paths, such as walls and fences, cannot be the figure of the Japanese coextension paths FM expression, while both passable and impassable paths can be the figure of the English. The common point is that the coextension paths FM expressions of both languages must follow the path condition and manner condition. The path condition requires that some features of the path must be reflected in the FM expression. 

Chapter 3 Methodology ................................ 16

3.1 Research Questions ............................. 16

3.2 Participants ................................. 16

3.3 Experiment Designs ........................ 17

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