ondrous cross
On which the Prince of Glory died,
My richest gain I count but loss
And pour contempt on all my pride.
See,form his head, his hands,his side
Sorrow and love flow mingled down;
Did ever such love and sorrow meet
Or thorns compose so rich a crown?
(当我审视这奇妙的十字架
光荣的王子死在那上边,
我把最丰富的收获只当做损失
用轻蔑浇灭我全部的傲慢。
看吧,从他的头,他的手,他的两侧
混合流下的是哀愁和哀怜;
这种爱和哀愁从前可曾合流
或者荆棘曾编织过如此华美的皇冠?)
“sorrow”与“love”等用于“water”和“blood”, 他为爱而死,他的爱是因,流血是果。
提喻(synecdche)提喻也是不直接说某一事物的名称,而是借事物本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现。提喻与转喻不同,转喻主要借助于密切的关系与联想,而提喻则是借助于部分相似。
转喻通常是借助于密切的关系与联想,而提喻则是借助于部分相似。提喻通常是局部来代替整体,间或也用整体来代替局部,局部与整体之间总有相似之处。英语词义的扩大也有通过提喻这一演变方式的,如有些词从特指扩大到一般:journal从“日报”发展到指一切“期刊”;有些词义从具体扩大到抽象,或从抽象扩大到具体:grasp从具体的“用手抓住”发展扩大为抽象的“用头脑去掌握、领会”;youth不只是抽象名词表示“年轻、青春(状态或阶段)”,在古英语中就已经可以作集合名词指“青年人”这一整体。有的词义从专有名词扩大到普通名词:用科学家的名字watt来命名物理学的单位;此外象paper 来自papyrus(纸草,做纸的原料)也是词义通过提喻方式演变的例子。
常见的提喻有如下几种:
1. 用局部代替整体:
Many hands make light work. (用hand表示干活的人)
The case was defended by eloquent lips.(用lips表示有辩才的人)
They came to live under the same roof.(用roof表示整个房子)
2. 用整体代替局部:
China won the volleyball match.(用China代表中国队)
3. 用个体代替整个一类:
She is another Madam Curie.
4. 用具体代替抽象:
The father yearns in the prince’s breast.(Dryden)
5. 用抽象代替具体:
The authorities(当局)
6. 用材料代替事物:
a piggy-bank full of coppers
矛盾修饰法(oxymoron)矛盾修饰法是把两个意思截然相反的词放在一起,如:
a victorious defeat
a living death
cruel kindness
Parting is such sweet sorrow.(Shakespeare,Romeo and Juliet)
Writing is busy idleness.(Goethe)
这种修饰法看起来很矛盾,很可笑,但却表现了一个事物的两个方面,正好像汉语中文盲自称“睁眼瞎”一样,是有深刻涵义的。
反语(irony)反语就是说反话,用与本意相反的话语来表达本意。反语常用于嘲弄、讽刺,在表扬或持中立态度的掩饰下提出批评或表示贬责,是反话正说。反语有表里两层意思。真正的意思不是来自字面,而是由特定的上下文赋予的。在口语中,真正的意思往往寄寓于语气、语调及说话人的表情之中。如:
His designs were strictly honourable,as the saying is; that is, to rob a lady of her fortune by way of marriage.(Henry Fielding, Tom Jones)
I like work: it fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours. I love to keep it by me: the idea of getting rid of it nearly breaks my heart.(Jerome K.Jerome)
作为一种表现风格,反语常用来进行尖刻的讽刺。英国十八世纪的著名作家Jonathan Swift所写的A Modest
Proposal for Preventing the Children of Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country 就是运用反语的典范。他说:
…a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, backed, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout. …Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass; the skin of which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen.
读者根据斯威夫特对爱尔兰问题的态度,通读他的荒谬绝伦的建议,不难看出delicious, nourishing, wholesome food 以及admirable gloves summer boots 背后的涵义。Carcass 一词指动物的死尸,指人的尸体时带有贬义。作者用它来表明爱尔兰穷人犹如猪狗,可供ladies与fine gentlemen任意宰割。
双关语(pun)有意识地利用语言中的同音异义(homonymy)或一词多义(polysemy)现象使一句话产生两层不同的意思,导致“一语双关”。例如:
- Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages?
- Because there were many knights.(利用knight和night同音)
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