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摘要:本研究旨在考察不同语言水平中国英语学习者口语小品词的使用特征。前人关于小品词的研究涉及小品词的定义、形式、在语篇中的位置、所具有的语篇交际功能以及外语学习者小品词的使用频率等方面的分析，主要采用的是基于语料的分析方法，依据的理论基础包括衔接理论(Halliday&Hasan, 1976 )和关联理论((Sperber&Wilson, 1995)。根据前人对于小品词在语言形式及语篇中所具有的功能的描述，利用三个微型同质的学习者语料库:中国高中生英语口语语料库OGZL)，中国大学生英语口语语料库((CH)及本族语学习者语料库((NS)，本研究考察了中国不同英语水平学习者在口语小品词使用的频率和功能两个维度上的特征。具体讨论了以下三个问题:1)同本族语学习者相比，不同语言水平英语学习者口语小品词的使用频率各  有怎样的特征?2)他们在使用小品词实现不同交际功能方面又各有怎样的特征?3)基于上述对不同语言水平学习者小品词使用在频率和语篇交际功能方面所体现的特征，中国学生在习得小品词过程中体现出怎样的发展性特征?    本研究是一项基于三个微型同质学习者语料库的中介语对比分析(Granger1998)。与上述研究问题相对应，本文首先比较了三种语言水平学习者小品词的使用频率，接着通过三个个案分析比较了他们在使用小品词实现不同语篇交际功能方面的特征，然后找出中国学生在这两个方面所体现出来的发展性特征。
      研究结果表明，同NS相比，GZL使用小品词的频率低，类型少，且集中在话轮前位置，CH小品词的使用在总体数量和类型上较之GZL有较大提高。对三个语料库中最高频的前五个小品词的观察进一步发现，中国学生小品词使用比较单调，在口语表达中仅依赖有限的几个。对三个小品词just, I think和well的语篇交际功能的个案分析表明，较之CH和NS,  GZL更多的使用小品词来承接话轮，小品词功能使用比较单调集中。结合上面对不同语一言水平学习者小品词使用在频率和功能两个方面的特征，我们发现，随着语言水平的提高，中国英语学习者口语小品词使用的数量和类型逐渐增多，在口语表达中的位置分布趋于均衡，对有限的几个小品词的依赖程度下降，对某一种交际功能的单调而集中的使用逐渐得到缓解.
    本研究结果对目前的英语教学的启示意义在于，我们应该重视英语口语中小品词的教学，增强学习者对小品词丰富、复杂的语篇和交际功能的认识，鼓励他们在口语表达中大胆使用小品词。此外，鉴于本研究中中国学生习得小品词过程中所体现出的一些发展性特征，我们可以适时调整不同小品词及其不同语篇交际功能的教学顺序以实现更好的教学效果。
Abstract:There has been insightful research into small words (SWs) or under some other names like discourse markers, discourse particles or pragmatic markers in spoken English discourse from the perspective of discourse analysis, contrastive study and EFL learning. In the present study we probe into how English learners with three different language proficiency (Chinese high school students, Chinese college students and native English students, simplified as GZL, CH and NS) use SWs in their spoken English. The study is carried on two dimensionalities: frequency and functions of SWs in use. The research questions are:
1 .What are the frequency and types of SWs used by learners with different
language proficiency?
2. What are the functions of SWs realized by its above learners?
3. Based on findings to the above two questions what're the developmental
features of Chinese EFL learners in learning SWs?
    This study is a contrastive interlanguage analysis (CIA, Granger 1998) based on
three mini homogeneous corpora. In accordance with the first two research questions,
there're two parts of comparisons: the first comparison concerns about frequency and
types of SWs among the three corpora, the second comparison concerns about
functional uses of SWs among the three corpora. The lexical analysis tools Wordsmith
(Scott 1996) are combined with manual classification in data processing.
    The findings of the present study show that: first, compared with CH and NS, GZL
use fewest types of SWs with lowest frequency and they use SWs the most in
turn-initial and loner positions. A review of the proportions of the top five most
frequently used S Ws in their total S Ws shows that GZL use a more limited range of
SWs.
    The case studies then made on the functional uses of three small words: just, I
think and well show that the functional use of turn-taking in GZL has always been more
frequent than that in CH and GZL, which is in accordance with our finding about thehighest frequency of SWs in turn-initial position in GZL, indicating that compared with
CH and NS, GZL's functional uses of SWs are more monotonous, in most cases they
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