摘要:本文是一篇留学生经济贸易历史的作业,已知的最古老的商队之路是西亚的丝绸之路。根据出生在伊斯坦布尔的m . Cerasi描述,其结构就像集市一样。
市场不仅仅是购物的地方,这是一个生产的地方并且拥有巨大的经济价值。在这个模型以前资本主义很难区分出集市的财政和工厂价值与文化的区别。
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Corporate Income Tax Reduced from 33% to 20%
Individual Income Tax changes from 15% to 35%
Tax benefits and incentives in Technology Development Zones, Industrial Zones and Free Zones
Innovation and research and development Support Law
Incentives for strategic investment to decrease imports, for large scale investments as well as for regional investments
9) Customes Union With The EU Since 1996
Customes Union with the EU since 1996 and Free Trade Agreements with 22 countries
Accession negotiations with the European Union
10) Large Domestic Market
Internet users from 4 million in 2002 to 50 million in 2011
Mobile phone subscribers from 23 million in 2002 to 65 million in 2011
Credit card users from 16 million in 2002 to 52 million in 2011
Airline passengers from 33 million in 2002 up to 118 million in 2011
International tourist arrivals from 13 million 2002 up to 31.5 million in 2011
CHAPTER 5:
ECONOMICS OF TURKEY:
Turkey is on a clear slowdown trajectory. Both the consumer and the business sectors are seeing a gradual deceleration of growth, and GDP expanded by only 3.2% in Q1 2012, compared with last year’s annual growth of 8.5%. We expect Turkey’s slowdown to continue through the end of the year as the eurozone crisis continues to depress export demand while high inflation, a weakening currency, and more expensive consumer credit undermine consumer demand.
However, this slowdown should not lead multinationals to consider Turkey a declining opportunity. In fact, now is a critical time for companies to invest in positioning themselves for the post-crisis opportunity in the market.
While Turkey is slowing, it is still weathering the eurozone crisis better than most of Central and Eastern Europe. With strong demographic fundamentals, growing investment, a diversified economy, and increasing importance as a regional hub, Turkey offers long-term opportunity that promises a relatively fast recovery once the eurozone crisis is back on a path of growth.
More importantly, we’re seeing growing investor interest in the market. Cash-rich multinationals, many of them European, are taking advantage of the weak lira to make cheaper investments in setting up or expanding their local presence, including through local manufacturing. A reflection of this trend was healthy growth in FDI at US$6.5 billion in the first five months of 2012.
Turkey’s government is aggressively working to attract foreign investment, in particular in local manufacturing. Its recently-announced incentive program has attracted substantial interest from multinationals, with over 270 applications for incentives already submitted.
This trend of increased investment in the economy, however, does not just signal multinationals’ continued confidence in the Turkish market as well as growing opportunity for B2B companies. It will also contribute to growing competition on the Turkish market, already one of the most competitive emerging markets globally. Companies caught off guard will see growing competition on price from both local companies and multinationals with a local presence undermine their profitability and restrict their ability to take advantage of the oppor
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