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will act as the basis of identifying just what is needed by local animation producers to take their products to the next level, become a more internationally recognized brand and therefore promoting Malaysian identity.

Characteristics of Animation

Animation itself is theoretically a part of film if assumed that film is defined as a set of moving images. However, as the digital age is becoming more matured, animation has recently become easily distinguished from film and other fields which have also lead to the emergence of various publications dedicated to animation itself. It has to be noted, however, that the transpiring of animation studies is very much at an early stage.

Looking back into the study of animation, the work of Ralph Stephenson (1967) must be noted as a valuable source of information. Stephenson studied the nature of cinematic animation of numerous countries, among them the United States, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Germany and Japan. He discussed the technology, techniques involved and the history of how animation films took place in their respective countries. The approach of Stephenson's study is highly descriptive and historical in which it can be seen as a documented history on major animation industries of the world when the book was published. Although Stephenson did not specifically study the characteristics of animation from these countries, he did briefly elaborate their attributes.

Stephenson's work was not really widely cited. One of the probabilities might be a result of the nature of animation studies being a very recent emerging dedicated area of study. As stated by Linsenmaier (2008:51), although there is a rich history of animation, not many scholars have taken the initiative to empirically explore its historical developments. Most studies on animation development have previously revolved around different perspectives notably Giannalberto Bendazzi's Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation; Michael Barrier's Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age; John Halas' Masters of Animation; and Sergey Asenin's Walt Disney: Secrets of a Drawn World.

Although the continuation of Stephenson's work may not be obvious, there are studies on animation that describes the scenario of animation based on its geographical origins. Wells (1988) for instance elaborated on the nature of American (especially Disney) animation from the styles and approaches to the terms and conditions of experimental animation. This can be viewed as a study on the characteristics of American animation. Among areas argued by Wells were the issues in representation of the body and logic, unusual trends, spectatorship and female esthetics.

Another similar and more effective attempt was made by Poitras (1999) to understand the community and belongings of the Japanese established in their animation. Poitras' work is the exact work that has inspired this research. He classified his findings in alphabetical order and into categories i.e. buildings, structure, clothing, food, mythologies, weaponry etc. which defines the characteristics of Japanese animation. The effort was made through observations of English-subbed anime available in the United States. Poitras further distinguished the difference between anime an本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。