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Fuel consumption can be closely monitored on the construction site. However, if this is not possible and no historical data exist, information from equipment manufacturers can be used for estimating. Fuel consumption depends on the application of the equipment. The application determines the engine load factor, which in turn controls engine fuel consumption. (Calin, M 2003)

Renting construction equipment is an increasingly popular procurement method.
Equipment rental rates do not include transportation costs, erecting and dismantling costs, insurance, or taxes. These costs must be determined and added to the rental costs in order to determine the total cost of acquiring equipment. (Calin, M 2003)

Chapter 6
MATERIAL COSTS
Materials can be judged in terms of their durability and freedom from the need for repair and maintenance.
The first part of an estimating task is to determine the amount of materials that will be required. Material quantities are the fundamental data forming the foundation on which all estimating processed build. This first step in determining the necessary amount of material is called quantity take off. ( Calin, M 2003)
Quantity take off is an extremely important task with direct implications for the many estimating tasks that follow it. The unit prices and the total prices of materials to procure, labor and equipment requirements and the scheduling of each activity are all based on the quantity take off. Therefore, it is clear that quantity take off is the foundation and the basis for all other estimating work and ultimately affects the total cost estimate of a project. Therefore, a quantity surveyor must be careful and through in her work in order to produce the most accurate calculations for the quantities of all the materials in the project. (Calin, M 2003)
1. Linear Calculation: perimeter of a Concrete Slab
60m +50m +60m +50m =220m
2. Area Calculation: Surface Area of Slab
60m ×50m =300m²
3. Volume Calculation: Volume of Slab
60m ×50m 0.01m = 30m³
4. Unit measurement Calculation: Number of Type “A” Windows on 1st Floor
2 (North Wall) +6 (East Wall) +4 (South Wall) +5 (West Wall) =17 units
Figure 5.1 Examples of the four categories of calculations involved in estimating.
The calculations involved in quantity take off can be categorized into four basic components: linear, area, volume, and unit measures. When performing quantity take off, a quantity surveyor should visualize the entire project, thinking in terms of actual field procedures that will take place during construction. Quantity take off is also facilitated by the use of forms associated with each construction division. The purpose of using form is to standardize the work sheets by providing property assigned areas where specific information is to be written, thus organizing information in such a way that follow up and checking can be easily performed. (Calin, M 2003)
In addition to the calculation quantities obtained from quantity take off, the actual material quantities required for a work may be higher due to waste. Waste factor is used to increase material quantity, so as to ensure that enough material is procured to realistically complete the work. (Calin, M 2003)
Waste factors are usually listed by a percentage of the actual q本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。