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The Cost of Buildings-建筑成本研究

论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:课程作业 Coursework登出时间:2014-06-13编辑:lzm点击率:19949

论文字数:7393论文编号:org201406132139297977语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文

关键词:Cost of Buildings建筑成本Material costs材料成本Doors and Windows

摘要:The building industry and the civil engineering industry together are often referred to as the construction industry, and many firms operate in both sectors, even though their staff and organizations may be largely separate.

The Cost of Buildings


Contents List
1. Introduction
2. The bidding process
3. Design costs
4. Construction costs
4.1 The Groundwork and Foundations
4.2 External works
4.3 Landscaping
4.4 Costs of mechanical and electrical work
4.5 Alterations and repairs
5. Cost of the construction Equipment
6. Material costs
6.1 Concrete
6.2 Masonry
6.3 Wood
6.4 Doors and Windows
6.5 Metals
7. Labor costs
8. Insurance
9. Professional fees
10. Other consequences costs
11. Conclusion
12. Reference

 

Chapter 1
INTRODUTION
There are two systems that establish standards for the building design/ construction estimating process. One system, Master Format, is oriented to materials and installation. The other system, Uniformat, analyzes and compares various casts.
Building cost estimates classification. Related to various types of building cost estimate, a prudent owner or contractor must associate the “expect accuracy range”. The project total cost is greater than engineering and construction costs because items such as land acquisition, market study, environmental studies, and financing costs are also included. A critical element for controlling the cost, schedule, and scope of a project is gaining and maintaining control of the design process. Failure to control and manage this process will result in delays and increased construction costs. (Calin, M 2003)
The building industry and the civil engineering industry together are often referred to as the construction industry, and many firms operate in both sectors, even though their staff and organizations may be largely separate. The UK construction industry is quite large, with a turnover in 1987 of 34 billion pounds. This represented nearly half of the country’s fixed capital formation and about 8% of the gross national product. (Douglas, J and Peter, S 1991)
It is therefore very important for the cost planner to look at the general economic situation when forecasting costs. (Douglas, J and Peter, S 1991)
There are two ways in which building costs can be estimated or analyzed, based in the first instance on the prices charged for the finished buildings or parts thereof, and in the second instance on the cost of the resources required to create them.
Cost planning as a process is difficult to define concisely as it involves a variety of procedures and techniques used concurrently by the quantity surveyor (QS) or building economist. Traditional cost planning will usually follow the conventional outline design, detailed design process. In a practical sense, the cost planning process stars with the development of a ballpark figure to allow the client to decide whether the project is feasible. (Richard, K 2007)
Public buildings are assets needed to serve government purposes. The public is called upon to invest in these assets and pay the costs of their upkeep. Minimizing the total costs of ownership 1 is the most efficient use of the public's resources to obtain the services these assets provide. Overcoming the economic, technical, and political obstacles to meaningful control of the total costs of public buildings will enhance productivity and the public's return on its investment. Agen论文英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写英语论文代写代写论文代写英语论文代写留学生论文代写英文论文留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。

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