摘要:The building industry and the civil engineering industry together are often referred to as the construction industry, and many firms operate in both sectors, even though their staff and organizations may be largely separate.
tion collector. The major reason is that masonry contains a variety of products, unit types, unit sizes, specifications, and properties. This variety causes a difference not only in masonry costs but also in masonry productivity.
Masonry building elements, such as masonry walls, normally contain many components, namely, masonry nits, mortar, grout, and accessory materials. Masonry units include clay masonry units, concrete masonry units, clay tiles, ceramic veneer, glass masonry units, adobe masonry units, masonry stones, and special non-conventional masonry units. The most common products are clay masonry units and concrete masonry units.
The next basic component of masonry is mortar. Mortar is used to bed masonry units and to bond individual units into a combined component. In other words, mortar separates masonry units and, at the same time, holds masonry units together. Mortar also provides an architecturally aesthetic appearance and allows size variation in masonry units. (Calin, M 2003)
One important task of an estimator is to obtain the correct and updated cost data for materials and equipment. Generally, the cost of material is approximately 20 to 40% of the total masonry work. To obtain the most up-to-date and accurate material costs, an estimator can request a materials quotation and special discounts from a manufacturer or supplier. ( Calin, M 2003)
Calculate the total cost of masonry. This can be accomplished by multiplying quantities of materials by unit costs in order to arrive at a sum for all costs. Unit costs also can be obtained from Means (1999) and Walker (1999), the estimator’s database, materials suppliers, manufacturers, or masonry subcontractors. For instance, if there is a structural-face-tiles wall area of 10 m² (6T series, 133 ×300 ×25 pieces/m², then the total materials cost is simply $535. Although this computation can eliminate some computation time, it has the disadvantage of not taking into account the exact number of masonry units an estimator needs for a particular job. (Calin, M 2003)
6.3 Wood
Wood is one of the oldest and most used materials for construction work. It is used extensively for temporary work, such as formwork and scaffolding, as well as for permanent work, such as floor, walls, and roof framing. The use of wood as the basic construction material has been due to its availability, strength, durability, and workability. In addition, the aesthetic nature of wood also makes it a favorite finishing material used in most home and office projects.
Applications of wood framing have been more prevalent for light construction such as houses and small buildings. (Calin, M 2003)
Wood framing work is often performed by crews consisting of at least two carpenters and may also involve common laborers who usually function as helpers. The labor costs for framing work will vary with the class of work, whether ordinary or first-grade quality, the complexity of the type of work, and whether tools are available and used. Ordinary workmanship is typically encountered in rough carpentry work in most building projects where cost is the main consideration. On the other hand, first- grade workmanship is often specified when quality is also an important consideration, such as in high-class residences and office buildings, especially in finish carpentry work. The use of modern tools can significantly facilitate the construction process, leading to inc
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